Source code for ht.conv_internal

'''Chemical Engineering Design Library (ChEDL). Utilities for process modeling.
Copyright (C) 2016, 2017 Caleb Bell <Caleb.Andrew.Bell@gmail.com>

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'''


__all__ = ['laminar_T_const', 'laminar_Q_const',
'laminar_entry_thermal_Hausen', 'laminar_entry_Seider_Tate',
'laminar_entry_Baehr_Stephan', 'turbulent_Dittus_Boelter',
'turbulent_Sieder_Tate', 'turbulent_entry_Hausen', 'turbulent_Colburn',
'turbulent_Drexel_McAdams', 'turbulent_von_Karman', 'turbulent_Prandtl',
'turbulent_Friend_Metzner', 'turbulent_Petukhov_Kirillov_Popov',
'turbulent_Webb', 'turbulent_Sandall', 'turbulent_Gnielinski',
'turbulent_Gnielinski_smooth_1', 'turbulent_Gnielinski_smooth_2',
'turbulent_Churchill_Zajic', 'turbulent_ESDU', 'turbulent_Martinelli',
'turbulent_Nunner', 'turbulent_Dipprey_Sabersky', 'turbulent_Gowen_Smith',
'turbulent_Kawase_Ulbrecht', 'turbulent_Kawase_De', 'turbulent_Bhatti_Shah',
'Nu_conv_internal', 'Nu_conv_internal_methods',

'Morimoto_Hotta', 'helical_turbulent_Nu_Mori_Nakayama',
'helical_turbulent_Nu_Schmidt', 'helical_turbulent_Nu_Xin_Ebadian',
'Nu_laminar_rectangular_Shan_London',
'conv_tube_methods', 'conv_tube_laminar_methods', 'conv_tube_turbulent_methods']

from math import exp, log, tanh

from fluids.friction import LAMINAR_TRANSITION_PIPE, Clamond

### Laminar

[docs]def laminar_T_const(): r'''Returns internal convection Nusselt number for laminar flows in pipe according to [1]_, [2]_ and [3]_. Wall temperature is assumed constant. This is entirely theoretically derived and reproduced experimentally. .. math:: Nu = 3.66 Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- This applies only for fully thermally and hydraulically developed and flows. References ---------- .. [1] Green, Don, and Robert Perry. Perry`s Chemical Engineers` Handbook, Eighth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2007. .. [2] Bergman, Theodore L., Adrienne S. Lavine, Frank P. Incropera, and David P. DeWitt. Introduction to Heat Transfer. 6E. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011. .. [3] Gesellschaft, V. D. I., ed. VDI Heat Atlas. 2nd ed. 2010 edition. Berlin ; New York: Springer, 2010. ''' return 3.66
[docs]def laminar_Q_const(): r'''Returns internal convection Nusselt number for laminar flows in pipe according to [1]_, [2]_, and [3]_. Heat flux is assumed constant. This is entirely theoretically derived and reproduced experimentally. .. math:: Nu = 4.354 Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- This applies only for fully thermally and hydraulically developed and flows. Many sources round to 4.36, but [3]_ does not. References ---------- .. [1] Green, Don, and Robert Perry. Perry`s Chemical Engineers` Handbook, Eighth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2007. .. [2] Bergman, Theodore L., Adrienne S. Lavine, Frank P. Incropera, and David P. DeWitt. Introduction to Heat Transfer. 6E. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011. .. [3] Gesellschaft, V. D. I., ed. VDI Heat Atlas. 2nd ed. 2010 edition. Berlin ; New York: Springer, 2010. ''' return 48/11.
### Laminar - entry region
[docs]def laminar_entry_thermal_Hausen(Re, Pr, L, Di): r'''Calculates average internal convection Nusselt number for laminar flows in pipe during the thermal entry region according to [1]_ as shown in [2]_ and cited by [3]_. .. math:: Nu_D=3.66+\frac{0.0668\frac{D}{L}Re_{D}Pr}{1+0.04{(\frac{D}{L} Re_{D}Pr)}^{2/3}} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] L : float Length of pipe [m] Di : float Diameter of pipe [m] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- If Pr >> 1, (5 is a common requirement) this equation also applies to flows with developing velocity profile. As L gets larger, this equation becomes the constant-temperature Nusselt number. Examples -------- >>> laminar_entry_thermal_Hausen(Re=100000, Pr=1.1, L=5, Di=.5) 39.01352358988535 References ---------- .. [1] Hausen, H. Darstellung des Warmeuberganges in Rohren durch verallgeminerte Potenzbeziehungen, Z. Ver deutsch. Ing Beih. Verfahrenstech., 4, 91-98, 1943 .. [2] W. M. Kays. 1953. Numerical Solutions for Laminar Flow Heat Transfer in Circular Tubes. .. [3] Bergman, Theodore L., Adrienne S. Lavine, Frank P. Incropera, and David P. DeWitt. Introduction to Heat Transfer. 6E. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011. ''' Gz = Di/L*Re*Pr return 3.66 + (0.0668*Gz)/(1+0.04*(Gz)**(2/3.))
[docs]def laminar_entry_Seider_Tate(Re, Pr, L, Di, mu=None, mu_w=None): r'''Calculates average internal convection Nusselt number for laminar flows in pipe during the thermal entry region as developed in [1]_, also shown in [2]_. .. math:: Nu_D=1.86\left(\frac{D}{L}Re_DPr\right)^{1/3}\left(\frac{\mu_b} {\mu_s}\right)^{0.14} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] L : float Length of pipe [m] Di : float Diameter of pipe [m] mu : float, optional Viscosity of fluid, [Pa*s] mu_w : float, optional Viscosity of fluid at wall temperature, [Pa*s] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- Reynolds number should be less than 10000. This should be calculated using pipe diameter. Prandlt number should be no less than air and no more than liquid metals; 0.7 < Pr < 16700 Viscosities should be the bulk and surface properties; they are optional. Outside the boundaries, this equation is provides very false results. Examples -------- >>> laminar_entry_Seider_Tate(Re=100000, Pr=1.1, L=5, Di=.5) 41.366029684589265 References ---------- .. [1] Sieder, E. N., and G. E. Tate. "Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Liquids in Tubes." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 28, no. 12 (December 1, 1936): 1429-35. doi:10.1021/ie50324a027. .. [2] Serth, R. W., Process Heat Transfer: Principles, Applications and Rules of Thumb. 2E. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2014. ''' Nu = 1.86*(Di/L*Re*Pr)**(1/3.0) if mu_w is not None and mu is not None: Nu *= (mu/mu_w)**0.14 return Nu
[docs]def laminar_entry_Baehr_Stephan(Re, Pr, L, Di): r'''Calculates average internal convection Nusselt number for laminar flows in pipe during the thermal and velocity entry region according to [1]_ as shown in [2]_. .. math:: Nu_D=\frac{\frac{3.657}{\tanh[2.264 Gz_D^{-1/3}+1.7Gz_D^{-2/3}]} +0.0499Gz_D\tanh(Gz_D^{-1})}{\tanh(2.432Pr^{1/6}Gz_D^{-1/6})} .. math:: Gz = \frac{D}{L}Re_D Pr Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] L : float Length of pipe [m] Di : float Diameter of pipe [m] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- As L gets larger, this equation becomes the constant-temperature Nusselt number. Examples -------- >>> laminar_entry_Baehr_Stephan(Re=100000, Pr=1.1, L=5, Di=.5) 72.65402046550976 References ---------- .. [1] Baehr, Hans Dieter, and Karl Stephan. Heat and Mass Transfer. Springer, 2013. .. [2] Bergman, Theodore L., Adrienne S. Lavine, Frank P. Incropera, and David P. DeWitt. Introduction to Heat Transfer. 6E. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011. ''' Gz = Di/L*Re*Pr return (3.657/tanh(2.264*Gz**(-1/3.)+ 1.7*Gz**(-2/3.0)) + 0.0499*Gz*tanh(1./Gz))/tanh(2.432*Pr**(1/6.0)*Gz**(-1/6.0))
### Turbulent - Equations with more complicated options
[docs]def turbulent_Dittus_Boelter(Re, Pr, heating=True, revised=True): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [1]_, and [2]_, a reprint of [3]_. .. math:: Nu = m*Re_D^{4/5}Pr^n Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] heating : bool Indicates if the process is heating or cooling, optional revised : bool Indicates if revised coefficients should be used or not Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- The revised coefficient is m = 0.023. The original form of Dittus-Boelter has a linear coefficient of 0.0243 for heating and 0.0265 for cooling. These are sometimes rounded to 0.024 and 0.026 respectively. The default, heating, provides n = 0.4. Cooling makes n 0.3. 0.6 ≤ Pr ≤ 160 Re_{D} ≥ 10000 L/D ≥ 10 Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Dittus_Boelter(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2) 247.40036409449127 >>> turbulent_Dittus_Boelter(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2, heating=False) 242.9305927410295 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] Dittus, F. W., and L. M. K. Boelter. "Heat Transfer in Automobile Radiators of the Tubular Type." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 12, no. 1 (January 1985): 3-22. doi:10.1016/0735-1933(85)90003-X .. [3] Dittus, F. W., and L. M. K. Boelter, University of California Publications in Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 13, pp. 443-461, October 17, 1930. ''' m = 0.023 if heating: power = 0.4 else: power = 0.3 if heating and not revised: m = 0.0243 elif not heating and not revised: m = 0.0265 else: m = 0.023 return m*Re**0.8*Pr**power
[docs]def turbulent_Sieder_Tate(Re, Pr, mu=None, mu_w=None): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [1]_ and supposedly [2]_. .. math:: Nu = 0.027Re^{4/5}Pr^{1/3}\left(\frac{\mu}{\mu_s}\right)^{0.14} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] mu : float Viscosity of fluid, [Pa*s] mu_w : float Viscosity of fluid at wall temperature, [Pa*s] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- A linear coefficient of 0.023 is often listed with this equation. The source of the discrepancy is not known. The equation is not present in the original paper, but is nevertheless the source usually cited for it. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Sieder_Tate(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2) 286.9178136793052 >>> turbulent_Sieder_Tate(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2, mu=0.01, mu_w=0.067) 219.84016455766044 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] Sieder, E. N., and G. E. Tate. "Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Liquids in Tubes." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 28, no. 12 (December 1, 1936): 1429-35. doi:10.1021/ie50324a027. ''' Nu = 0.027*Re**0.8*Pr**(1/3.) if mu_w is not None and mu is not None: Nu *= (mu/mu_w)**0.14 return Nu
[docs]def turbulent_entry_Hausen(Re, Pr, Di, x): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for the entry region of a turbulent flow in pipe according to [2]_ as in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = 0.037(Re^{0.75} - 180)Pr^{0.42}[1+(x/D)^{-2/3}] Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] Di : float Inside diameter of pipe, [m] x : float Length inside of pipe for calculation, [m] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- Range according to [1]_ is 0.7 < Pr ≤ 3 and 10^4 ≤ Re ≤ 5*10^6. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_entry_Hausen(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2, Di=0.154, x=0.05) 677.7228275901755 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] H. Hausen, "Neue Gleichungen fÜr die Wärmeübertragung bei freier oder erzwungener Stromung,"Allg. Warmetchn., (9): 75-79, 1959. ''' return 0.037*(Re**0.75 - 180)*Pr**0.42*(1 + (x/Di)**(-2/3.))
### Regular correlations, Re, Pr and fd only
[docs]def turbulent_Colburn(Re, Pr): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = 0.023Re^{0.8}Pr^{1/3} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- Range according to [1]_ is 0.5 < Pr < 3 and 10^4 < Re < 10^5. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Colburn(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2) 244.41147091200068 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] Colburn, Allan P. "A Method of Correlating Forced Convection Heat-Transfer Data and a Comparison with Fluid Friction." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 7, no. 12 (December 1964): 1359-84. doi:10.1016/0017-9310(64)90125-5. ''' return 0.023*Re**0.8*Pr**(1/3.)
[docs]def turbulent_Drexel_McAdams(Re, Pr): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = 0.021Re^{0.8}Pr^{0.4} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- Range according to [1]_ is Pr ≤ 0.7 and 10^4 ≤ Re ≤ 5*10^6. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Drexel_McAdams(Re=1E5, Pr=0.6) 171.19055301724387 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] Drexel, Rober E., and William H. Mcadams. "Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Air Flowing in Round Tubes, in Rectangular Ducts, and around Finned Cylinders," February 1, 1945. http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930090924. ''' return 0.021*Re**0.8*Pr**(0.4)
[docs]def turbulent_von_Karman(Re, Pr, fd): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = \frac{(f/8)Re Pr}{1 + 5(f/8)^{0.5}\left[Pr-1+\ln\left(\frac{5Pr+1} {6}\right)\right]} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] fd : float Darcy friction factor [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- Range according to [1]_ is 0.5 ≤ Pr ≤ 3 and 10^4 ≤ Re ≤ 10^5. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_von_Karman(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2, fd=0.0185) 255.7243541243272 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] T. von Karman, "The Analogy Between Fluid Friction and Heat Transfer," Trans. ASME, (61):705-710,1939. ''' return (fd/8.0*Re*Pr/(1.0 + 5.0*(fd/8.0)**0.5 *(Pr - 1.0 + log((5.0*Pr + 1.0)/6.))))
[docs]def turbulent_Prandtl(Re, Pr, fd): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = \frac{(f/8)RePr}{1 + 8.7(f/8)^{0.5}(Pr-1)} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] fd : float Darcy friction factor [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- Range according to [1]_ 0.5 ≤ Pr ≤ 5 and 10^4 ≤ Re ≤ 5*10^6 Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Prandtl(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2, fd=0.0185) 256.073339689557 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] L. Prandt, Fuhrrer durch die Stomungslehre, Vieweg, Braunschweig, p. 359, 1944. ''' return (fd/8.)*Re*Pr/(1.0 + 8.7*(fd/8.)**0.5*(Pr - 1.0))
[docs]def turbulent_Friend_Metzner(Re, Pr, fd): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = \frac{(f/8)RePr}{1.2 + 11.8(f/8)^{0.5}(Pr-1)Pr^{-1/3}} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] fd : float Darcy friction factor [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- Range according to [1]_ 50 < Pr ≤ 600 and 5*10^4 ≤ Re ≤ 5*10^6. The extreme limits on range should be considered! Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Friend_Metzner(Re=1E5, Pr=100., fd=0.0185) 1738.3356262055322 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] Friend, W. L., and A. B. Metzner. “Turbulent Heat Transfer inside Tubes and the Analogy among Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transfer.” AIChE Journal 4, no. 4 (December 1, 1958): 393-402. doi:10.1002/aic.690040404. ''' return (fd/8.)*Re*Pr/(1.2 + 11.8*(fd/8.)**0.5*(Pr - 1.)*Pr**(-1/3.))
[docs]def turbulent_Petukhov_Kirillov_Popov(Re, Pr, fd): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ and [3]_ as in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = \frac{(f/8)RePr}{C+12.7(f/8)^{1/2}(Pr^{2/3}-1)}\\ C = 1.07 + 900/Re - [0.63/(1+10Pr)] Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] fd : float Darcy friction factor [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- Range according to [1]_ is 0.5 < Pr ≤ 10^6 and 4000 ≤ Re ≤ 5*10^6 Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Petukhov_Kirillov_Popov(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2, fd=0.0185) 250.11935088905105 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] B. S. Petukhov, and V. V. Kirillov, "The Problem of Heat Exchange in the Turbulent Flow of Liquids in Tubes," (Russian) Teploenergetika, (4): 63-68, 1958 .. [3] B. S. Petukhov and V. N. Popov, "Theoretical Calculation of Heat Exchange in Turbulent Flow in Tubes of an Incompressible Fluidwith Variable Physical Properties," High Temp., (111): 69-83, 1963. ''' C = 1.07 + 900./Re - (0.63/(1. + 10.*Pr)) return (fd/8.)*Re*Pr/(C + 12.7*(fd/8.)**0.5*(Pr**(2/3.) - 1.))
[docs]def turbulent_Webb(Re, Pr, fd): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = \frac{(f/8)RePr}{1.07 + 9(f/8)^{0.5}(Pr-1)Pr^{1/4}} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] fd : float Darcy friction factor [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- Range according to [1]_ is 0.5 < Pr ≤ 100 and 10^4 ≤ Re ≤ 5*10^6 Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Webb(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2, fd=0.0185) 239.10130376815872 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] Webb, Dr R. L. “A Critical Evaluation of Analytical Solutions and Reynolds Analogy Equations for Turbulent Heat and Mass Transfer in Smooth Tubes.” Wärme - Und Stoffübertragung 4, no. 4 (December 1, 1971): 197-204. doi:10.1007/BF01002474. ''' return (fd/8.)*Re*Pr/(1.07 + 9.*(fd/8.)**0.5*(Pr - 1.)*Pr**0.25)
[docs]def turbulent_Sandall(Re, Pr, fd): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = \frac{(f/8)RePr}{12.48Pr^{2/3} - 7.853Pr^{1/3} + 3.613\ln Pr + 5.8 + C}\\ C = 2.78\ln((f/8)^{0.5} Re/45) Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] fd : float Darcy friction factor [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- Range according to [1]_ is 0.5< Pr ≤ 2000 and 10^4 ≤ Re ≤ 5*10^6. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Sandall(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2, fd=0.0185) 229.0514352970239 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] Sandall, O. C., O. T. Hanna, and P. R. Mazet. “A New Theoretical Formula for Turbulent Heat and Mass Transfer with Gases or Liquids in Tube Flow.” The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 58, no. 4 (August 1, 1980): 443-47. doi:10.1002/cjce.5450580404. ''' C = 2.78*log((fd/8.)**0.5*Re/45.) return (fd/8.)**0.5*Re*Pr/(12.48*Pr**(2/3.) - 7.853*Pr**(1/3.) + 3.613*log(Pr) + 5.8 + C)
[docs]def turbulent_Gnielinski(Re, Pr, fd): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as in [1]_. This is the most recent general equation, and is strongly recommended. .. math:: Nu = \frac{(f/8)(Re-1000)Pr}{1+12.7(f/8)^{1/2}(Pr^{2/3}-1)} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] fd : float Darcy friction factor [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- Range according to [1]_ is 0.5 < Pr ≤ 2000 and 2300 ≤ Re ≤ 5*10^6. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Gnielinski(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2, fd=0.0185) 254.62682749359632 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] Gnielinski, V. (1976). New Equation for Heat and Mass Transfer in Turbulent Pipe and Channel Flow, International Chemical Engineering, Vol. 16, pp. 359-368. ''' return (fd/8.)*(Re - 1E3)*Pr/(1. + 12.7*(fd/8.)**0.5*(Pr**(2/3.) - 1.))
[docs]def turbulent_Gnielinski_smooth_1(Re, Pr): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as in [1]_. This is a simplified case assuming smooth pipe. .. math:: Nu = 0.0214(Re^{0.8}-100)Pr^{0.4} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- Range according to [1]_ is 0.5 < Pr ≤ 1.5 and 10^4 ≤ Re ≤ 5*10^6. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Gnielinski_smooth_1(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2) 227.88800494373442 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] Gnielinski, V. (1976). New Equation for Heat and Mass Transfer in Turbulent Pipe and Channel Flow, International Chemical Engineering, Vol. 16, pp. 359-368. ''' return 0.0214*(Re**0.8 - 100.)*Pr**0.4
[docs]def turbulent_Gnielinski_smooth_2(Re, Pr): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as in [1]_. This is a simplified case assuming smooth pipe. .. math:: Nu = 0.012(Re^{0.87}-280)Pr^{0.4} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- Range according to [1]_ is 1.5 < Pr ≤ 500 and 3*10^3 ≤ Re ≤ 10^6. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Gnielinski_smooth_2(Re=1E5, Pr=7.) 577.7692524513449 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] Gnielinski, V. (1976). New Equation for Heat and Mass Transfer in Turbulent Pipe and Channel Flow, International Chemical Engineering, Vol. 16, pp. 359-368. ''' return 0.012*(Re**0.87 - 280.)*Pr**0.4
[docs]def turbulent_Churchill_Zajic(Re, Pr, fd): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as developed in [1]_. Has yet to obtain popularity. .. math:: Nu = \left\{\left(\frac{Pr_T}{Pr}\right)\frac{1}{Nu_{di}} + \left[1-\left(\frac{Pr_T}{Pr}\right)^{2/3}\right]\frac{1}{Nu_{D\infty}} \right\}^{-1} .. math:: Nu_{di} = \frac{Re(f/8)}{1 + 145(8/f)^{-5/4}} .. math:: Nu_{D\infty} = 0.07343Re\left(\frac{Pr}{Pr_T}\right)^{1/3}(f/8)^{0.5} .. math:: Pr_T = 0.85 + \frac{0.015}{Pr} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] fd : float Darcy friction factor [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- No restrictions on range. This is equation is developed with more theoretical work than others. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Churchill_Zajic(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2, fd=0.0185) 260.5564907817961 References ---------- .. [1] Churchill, Stuart W., and Stefan C. Zajic. “Prediction of Fully Developed Turbulent Convection with Minimal Explicit Empiricism.” AIChE Journal 48, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 927-40. doi:10.1002/aic.690480503. .. [2] Plawsky, Joel L. Transport Phenomena Fundamentals, Third Edition. CRC Press, 2014. ''' Pr_T = 0.85 + 0.015/Pr Nu_di = Re*(fd/8.)/(1. + 145*(8./fd)**(-1.25)) Nu_dinf = 0.07343*Re*(Pr/Pr_T)**(1./3.0)*(fd/8.)**0.5 return 1./(Pr_T/Pr/Nu_di + (1. - (Pr_T/Pr)**(2/3.))/Nu_dinf)
[docs]def turbulent_ESDU(Re, Pr): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to the ESDU as shown in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = 0.0225Re^{0.795}Pr^{0.495}\exp(-0.0225\ln(Pr)^2) Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- 4000 < Re < 1E6, 0.3 < Pr < 3000 and L/D > 60. This equation has not been checked. It was developed by a commercial group. This function is a small part of a much larger series of expressions accounting for many factors. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_ESDU(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2) 232.3017143430645 References ---------- .. [1] Hewitt, G. L. Shires, T. Reg Bott G. F., George L. Shires, and T. R. Bott. Process Heat Transfer. 1E. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1994. ''' return 0.0225*Re**0.795*Pr**0.495*exp(-0.0225*log(Pr)**2)
### Correlations for 'rough' turbulent pipe
[docs]def turbulent_Martinelli(Re, Pr, fd): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as shown in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = \frac{RePr(f/8)^{0.5}}{5[Pr + \ln(1+5Pr) + 0.5\ln(Re(f/8)^{0.5}/60)]} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] fd : float Darcy friction factor [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- No range is given for this equation. Liquid metals are probably its only applicability. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Martinelli(Re=1E5, Pr=100., fd=0.0185) 887.1710686396347 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] Martinelli, R. C. (1947). "Heat transfer to molten metals". Trans. ASME, 69, 947-959. ''' return Re*Pr*(fd/8.)**0.5/5/(Pr + log(1. + 5.*Pr) + 0.5*log(Re*(fd/8.)**0.5/60.))
[docs]def turbulent_Nunner(Re, Pr, fd, fd_smooth): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as shown in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = \frac{RePr(f/8)}{1 + 1.5Re^{-1/8}Pr^{-1/6}[Pr(f/f_s)-1]} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] fd : float Darcy friction factor [-] fd_smooth : float Darcy friction factor of a smooth pipe [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- Valid for Pr ≅ 0.7; bad results for Pr > 1. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Nunner(Re=1E5, Pr=0.7, fd=0.0185, fd_smooth=0.005) 101.15841010919947 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] W. Nunner, "Warmeiibergang und Druckabfall in Rauhen Rohren," VDI-Forschungsheft 445, ser. B,(22): 5-39, 1956 ''' return Re*Pr*fd/8./(1 + 1.5*Re**-0.125*Pr**(-1/6.)*(Pr*fd/fd_smooth - 1.))
[docs]def turbulent_Dipprey_Sabersky(Re, Pr, fd, eD): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as shown in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = \frac{RePr(f/8)}{1 + (f/8)^{0.5}[5.19Re_\epsilon^{0.2} Pr^{0.44} - 8.48]} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] fd : float Darcy friction factor [-] eD : float Relative roughness, [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- According to [1]_, the limits are: 1.2 ≤ Pr ≤ 5.94 and 1.4*10^4 ≤ Re ≤ 5E5 and 0.0024 ≤ eD ≤ 0.049. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Dipprey_Sabersky(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2, fd=0.0185, eD=1E-3) 288.33365198566656 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] Dipprey, D. F., and R. H. Sabersky. “Heat and Momentum Transfer in Smooth and Rough Tubes at Various Prandtl Numbers.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 6, no. 5 (May 1963): 329-53. doi:10.1016/0017-9310(63)90097-8 ''' Re_e = Re*eD*(fd/8.)**0.5 return Re*Pr*fd/8./(1 + (fd/8.)**0.5*(5.19*Re_e**0.2*Pr**0.44 - 8.48))
[docs]def turbulent_Gowen_Smith(Re, Pr, fd): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as shown in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = \frac{Re Pr (f/8)^{0.5}} {4.5 + [0.155(Re(f/8)^{0.5})^{0.54} + (8/f)^{0.5}]Pr^{0.5}} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] fd : float Darcy friction factor [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- 0.7 ≤ Pr ≤ 14.3 and 10^4 ≤ Re ≤ 5E4 and 0.0021 ≤ eD ≤ 0.095 Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Gowen_Smith(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2, fd=0.0185) 131.72530453824106 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] Gowen, R. A., and J. W. Smith. “Turbulent Heat Transfer from Smooth and Rough Surfaces.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 11, no. 11 (November 1968): 1657-74. doi:10.1016/0017-9310(68)90046-X. ''' return Re*Pr*(fd/8.)**0.5/(4.5 + (0.155*(Re*(fd/8.)**0.5)**0.54 + (8./fd)**0.5)*Pr**0.5)
[docs]def turbulent_Kawase_Ulbrecht(Re, Pr, fd): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as shown in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = 0.0523RePr^{0.5}(f/4)^{0.5} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] fd : float Darcy friction factor [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- No limits are provided. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Kawase_Ulbrecht(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2, fd=0.0185) 389.6262247333975 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] Kawase, Yoshinori, and Jaromir J. Ulbrecht. “Turbulent Heat and Mass Transfer in Dilute Polymer Solutions.” Chemical Engineering Science 37, no. 7 (1982): 1039-46. doi:10.1016/0009-2509(82)80134-6. ''' return 0.0523*Re*Pr**0.5*(fd/4.)**0.5
[docs]def turbulent_Kawase_De(Re, Pr, fd): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as shown in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = 0.0471 RePr^{0.5}(f/4)^{0.5}(1.11 + 0.44Pr^{-1/3} - 0.7Pr^{-1/6}) Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] fd : float Darcy friction factor [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- 5.1 ≤ Pr ≤ 390 and 5000 ≤ Re ≤ 5E5 and 0.0024 ≤ eD ≤ 0.165. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Kawase_De(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2, fd=0.0185) 296.5019733271324 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] Kawase, Yoshinori, and Addie De. “Turbulent Heat and Mass Transfer in Newtonian and Dilute Polymer Solutions Flowing through Rough Pipes.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 27, no. 1 (January 1984): 140-42. doi:10.1016/0017-9310(84)90246-1. ''' return 0.0471*Re*Pr**0.5*(fd/4.)**0.5*(1.11 + 0.44*Pr**(-1/3.) - 0.7*Pr**(-1/6.))
[docs]def turbulent_Bhatti_Shah(Re, Pr, fd, eD): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for turbulent flows in pipe according to [2]_ as shown in [1]_. The most widely used rough pipe turbulent correlation. .. math:: Nu_D = \frac{(f/8)Re_DPr}{1+\sqrt{f/8}(4.5Re_{\epsilon}^{0.2}Pr^{0.5}-8.48)} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] fd : float Darcy friction factor [-] eD : float Relative roughness, [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Notes ----- According to [1]_, the limits are: 0.5 ≤ Pr ≤ 10 0.002 ≤ ε/D ≤ 0.05 10,000 ≤ Re_{D} Another correlation is listed in this equation, with a wider variety of validity. Examples -------- >>> turbulent_Bhatti_Shah(Re=1E5, Pr=1.2, fd=0.0185, eD=1E-3) 302.7037617414273 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] M. S. Bhatti and R. K. Shah. Turbulent and transition flow convective heat transfer in ducts. In S. Kakaç, R. K. Shah, and W. Aung, editors, Handbook of Single-Phase Convective Heat Transfer, chapter 4. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1987. ''' Re_e = Re*eD*(fd/8.)**0.5 return Re*Pr*fd/8./(1 + (fd/8.)**0.5*(4.5*Re_e**0.2*Pr**0.5 - 8.48))
conv_tube_laminar_methods = { 'Laminar - constant T': (laminar_T_const, ()), 'Laminar - constant Q': (laminar_Q_const, ()), 'Baehr-Stephan laminar thermal/velocity entry': (laminar_entry_thermal_Hausen, ('Re', 'Pr', 'L', 'Di')), 'Hausen laminar thermal entry': (laminar_entry_Seider_Tate, ('Re', 'Pr', 'L', 'Di')), 'Seider-Tate laminar thermal entry': (laminar_entry_Baehr_Stephan, ('Re', 'Pr', 'L', 'Di')), } conv_tube_turbulent_methods = { 'Churchill-Zajic': (turbulent_Churchill_Zajic, ('Re', 'Pr', 'fd')), 'Petukhov-Kirillov-Popov': (turbulent_Petukhov_Kirillov_Popov, ('Re', 'Pr', 'fd')), 'Gnielinski': (turbulent_Gnielinski, ('Re', 'Pr', 'fd')), 'Sandall': (turbulent_Sandall, ('Re', 'Pr', 'fd')), 'Webb': (turbulent_Webb, ('Re', 'Pr', 'fd')), 'Friend-Metzner': (turbulent_Friend_Metzner, ('Re', 'Pr', 'fd')), 'Prandtl': (turbulent_Prandtl, ('Re', 'Pr', 'fd')), 'von-Karman': (turbulent_von_Karman, ('Re', 'Pr', 'fd')), 'Martinelli': (turbulent_Martinelli, ('Re', 'Pr', 'fd')), 'Gowen-Smith': (turbulent_Gowen_Smith, ('Re', 'Pr', 'fd')), 'Kawase-Ulbrecht': (turbulent_Kawase_Ulbrecht, ('Re', 'Pr', 'fd')), 'Kawase-De': (turbulent_Kawase_De, ('Re', 'Pr', 'fd')), 'Dittus-Boelter': (turbulent_Dittus_Boelter, ('Re', 'Pr')), 'Sieder-Tate': (turbulent_Sieder_Tate, ('Re', 'Pr')), 'Drexel-McAdams': (turbulent_Drexel_McAdams, ('Re', 'Pr')), 'Colburn': (turbulent_Colburn, ('Re', 'Pr')), 'ESDU': (turbulent_ESDU, ('Re', 'Pr')), 'Gnielinski smooth low Pr': (turbulent_Gnielinski_smooth_1, ('Re', 'Pr')), 'Gnielinski smooth high Pr': (turbulent_Gnielinski_smooth_2, ('Re', 'Pr')), 'Hausen': (turbulent_entry_Hausen, ('Re', 'Pr', 'Di', 'x')), 'Bhatti-Shah': (turbulent_Bhatti_Shah, ('Re', 'Pr', 'fd', 'eD')), 'Dipprey-Sabersky': (turbulent_Dipprey_Sabersky, ('Re', 'Pr', 'fd', 'eD')), 'Nunner': (turbulent_Nunner, ('Re', 'Pr', 'fd', 'fd_smooth')), } conv_tube_methods = conv_tube_laminar_methods.copy() conv_tube_methods.update(conv_tube_turbulent_methods) conv_tube_methods_list = list(conv_tube_methods.keys())
[docs]def Nu_conv_internal_methods(Re, Pr, eD=0, Di=None, x=None, fd=None, check_ranges=True): r'''This function returns a list of correlation names for the calculation of heat transfer coefficient for internal convection inside a circular pipe. Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] eD : float, optional Relative roughness, [-] Di : float, optional Inside diameter of pipe, [m] x : float, optional Length inside of pipe for calculation, [m] fd : float, optoinal Darcy friction factor [-] check_ranges : bool, optional Whether or not to return only correlations suitable for the provided data, [-] Returns ------- methods : list List of methods which can be used to calculate `Nu` with the given inputs Examples -------- Turbulent example >>> Nu_conv_internal_methods(Re=1E5, Pr=.7)[0] 'Churchill-Zajic' Entry length - laminar example >>> Nu_conv_internal_methods(Re=1E2, Pr=.7, x=.01, Di=.1)[0] 'Baehr-Stephan laminar thermal/velocity entry' ''' methods = [] if Re < LAMINAR_TRANSITION_PIPE or not check_ranges: # Laminar! if (Re is not None and Pr is not None and x is not None and Di is not None): methods.append('Baehr-Stephan laminar thermal/velocity entry') methods.append('Hausen laminar thermal entry') methods.append('Seider-Tate laminar thermal entry') methods.append('Laminar - constant T') methods.append('Laminar - constant Q') if Re >= LAMINAR_TRANSITION_PIPE or not check_ranges: if (Re is not None and Pr is not None and Pr < 0.03) or not check_ranges: # Liquid metals methods.append('Martinelli') if (Re is not None and Pr is not None and x is not None and Di is not None) or not check_ranges: methods.append('Hausen') if (Re is not None and Pr is not None and (eD is not None or fd is not None)) or not check_ranges: # handle correlations with roughness methods.append('Churchill-Zajic') methods.append('Petukhov-Kirillov-Popov') methods.append('Gnielinski') methods.append('Bhatti-Shah') methods.append('Dipprey-Sabersky') methods.append('Sandall') methods.append('Webb') methods.append('Friend-Metzner') methods.append('Prandtl') methods.append('von-Karman') methods.append('Gowen-Smith') methods.append('Kawase-Ulbrecht') methods.append('Kawase-De') methods.append('Nunner') if (Re is not None and Pr is not None) or not check_ranges: methods.append('Dittus-Boelter') methods.append('Sieder-Tate') methods.append('Drexel-McAdams') methods.append('Colburn') methods.append('ESDU') methods.append('Gnielinski smooth low Pr') # 1 methods.append('Gnielinski smooth high Pr') # 2 return methods
[docs]def Nu_conv_internal(Re, Pr, eD=0.0, Di=None, x=None, fd=None, Method=None): r'''This function calculates the heat transfer coefficient for internal convection inside a circular pipe. Requires at a minimum a flow's Reynolds and Prandtl numbers `Re` and `Pr`. Relative roughness `eD` can be specified to include the enhancement of heat transfer from the added turbulence. For laminar flow, thermally and hydraulically developing flow is supported with the pipe diameter `Di` and distance `x` is provided. If no correlation's name is provided as `Method`, the most accurate applicable correlation is selected. * If laminar, `x` and `Di` provided: 'Baehr-Stephan laminar thermal/velocity entry' * Otherwise if laminar, no entry information provided: 'Laminar - constant T' (Nu = 3.66) * If turbulent and `Pr` < 0.03: 'Martinelli' * If turbulent, `x` and `Di` provided: 'Hausen' * Otherwise if turbulent: 'Churchill-Zajic' Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number, [-] eD : float, optional Relative roughness, [-] Di : float, optional Inside diameter of pipe, [m] x : float, optional Length inside of pipe for calculation, [m] fd : float, optoinal Darcy friction factor [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number, [-] Other Parameters ---------------- Method : string, optional A string of the function name to use, as in the dictionary vertical_cylinder_correlations Examples -------- Turbulent example >>> Nu_conv_internal(Re=1E5, Pr=.7) 183.71057902604906 Entry length - laminar example >>> Nu_conv_internal(Re=1E2, Pr=.7, x=.01, Di=.1) 14.91799128769779 ''' if Method is None: Method2 = Nu_conv_internal_methods(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, eD=eD, Di=Di, x=x, fd=fd, check_ranges=True)[0] else: Method2 = Method L = x if eD is not None and fd is None: fd = Clamond(Re=Re, eD=eD) if Method2 == "Laminar - constant T": return laminar_T_const() elif Method2 == "Laminar - constant Q": return laminar_Q_const() elif Method2 == "Baehr-Stephan laminar thermal/velocity entry": return laminar_entry_thermal_Hausen(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, L=L, Di=Di) elif Method2 == "Hausen laminar thermal entry": return laminar_entry_Seider_Tate(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, L=L, Di=Di) elif Method2 == "Seider-Tate laminar thermal entry": return laminar_entry_Baehr_Stephan(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, L=L, Di=Di) elif Method2 == "Churchill-Zajic": return turbulent_Churchill_Zajic(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, fd=fd) elif Method2 == "Petukhov-Kirillov-Popov": return turbulent_Petukhov_Kirillov_Popov(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, fd=fd) elif Method2 == "Gnielinski": return turbulent_Gnielinski(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, fd=fd) elif Method2 == "Sandall": return turbulent_Sandall(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, fd=fd) elif Method2 == "Webb": return turbulent_Webb(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, fd=fd) elif Method2 == "Friend-Metzner": return turbulent_Friend_Metzner(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, fd=fd) elif Method2 == "Prandtl": return turbulent_Prandtl(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, fd=fd) elif Method2 == "von-Karman": return turbulent_von_Karman(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, fd=fd) elif Method2 == "Martinelli": return turbulent_Martinelli(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, fd=fd) elif Method2 == "Gowen-Smith": return turbulent_Gowen_Smith(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, fd=fd) elif Method2 == "Kawase-Ulbrecht": return turbulent_Kawase_Ulbrecht(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, fd=fd) elif Method2 == "Kawase-De": return turbulent_Kawase_De(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, fd=fd) elif Method2 == "Dittus-Boelter": return turbulent_Dittus_Boelter(Re=Re, Pr=Pr) elif Method2 == "Sieder-Tate": return turbulent_Sieder_Tate(Re=Re, Pr=Pr) elif Method2 == "Drexel-McAdams": return turbulent_Drexel_McAdams(Re=Re, Pr=Pr) elif Method2 == "Colburn": return turbulent_Colburn(Re=Re, Pr=Pr) elif Method2 == "ESDU": return turbulent_ESDU(Re=Re, Pr=Pr) elif Method2 == "Gnielinski smooth low Pr": return turbulent_Gnielinski_smooth_1(Re=Re, Pr=Pr) elif Method2 == "Gnielinski smooth high Pr": return turbulent_Gnielinski_smooth_2(Re=Re, Pr=Pr) elif Method2 == "Hausen": return turbulent_entry_Hausen(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, Di=Di, x=x) elif Method2 == "Bhatti-Shah": return turbulent_Bhatti_Shah(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, fd=fd, eD=eD) elif Method2 == "Dipprey-Sabersky": return turbulent_Dipprey_Sabersky(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, fd=fd, eD=eD) elif Method2 == "Nunner": fd_smooth = Clamond(Re, eD=0.0) return turbulent_Nunner(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, fd=fd, fd_smooth=fd_smooth) else: raise ValueError("Correlation name not recognized; see the " "documentation for the available options.")
## Comparison #import matplotlib.pyplot as plt #import numpy as np #from fluids.friction import friction_factor #Pr = 0.3 #Di = 0.0254*4 #roughness = .00015 # #methods = Nu_conv_internal_methods(Re=10000, Pr=Pr, fd=1.8E-5, x=2.5, Di=0.5) # #plt.figure() #Res = np.logspace(4, 6, 300) #for way in methods: # Nus = [] # for Re in Res: # fd = friction_factor(Re=Re, eD=roughness/Di) # Nus.append(Nu_conv_internal(Re=Re, Pr=Pr, fd=fd, x=2.5, Di=0.5, Method=way)) # plt.plot(Res, Nus, label=way) #plt.xlabel(r'Res') #plt.ylabel('Nus') #plt.legend() # #plt.show() ### Spiral heat exchangers
[docs]def Morimoto_Hotta(Re, Pr, Dh, Rm): r'''Calculates Nusselt number for flow inside a spiral heat exchanger of spiral mean diameter `Rm` and hydraulic diameter `Dh` according to [1]_, also as shown in [2]_ and [3]_. .. math:: Nu = 0.0239\left(1 + 5.54\frac{D_h}{R_m}\right)Re^{0.806}Pr^{0.268} .. math:: D_h = \frac{2HS}{H+S} .. math:: R_m = \frac{R_{min} + R_{max}}{2} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number with bulk properties, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number with bulk properties [-] Dh : float Average hydraulic diameter, [m] Rm : float Average spiral radius, [m] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number with respect to `Dh`, [-] Notes ----- [1]_ is in Japanese. Examples -------- >>> Morimoto_Hotta(1E5, 5.7, .05, .5) 634.4879473869859 References ---------- .. [1] Morimoto, Eiji, and Kazuyuki Hotta. "Study of Geometric Structure and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Spiral Plate Heat Exchanger." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 52, no. 474 (1986): 926-33. doi:10.1299/kikaib.52.926. .. [2] Bidabadi, M. and Sadaghiani, A. and Azad, A. "Spiral heat exchanger optimization using genetic algorithm." Transaction on Mechanical Engineering, International Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 20, no. 5 (2013): 1445-1454. http://www.scientiairanica.com/en/ManuscriptDetail?mid=47. .. [3] Turgut, Oğuz Emrah, and Mustafa Turhan Çoban. "Thermal Design of Spiral Heat Exchangers and Heat Pipes through Global Best Algorithm." Heat and Mass Transfer, July 7, 2016, 1-18. doi:10.1007/s00231-016-1861-y. ''' return 0.0239*(1. + 5.54*Dh/Rm)*Re**0.806*Pr**0.268
### Helical/curved coils
[docs]def helical_turbulent_Nu_Mori_Nakayama(Re, Pr, Di, Dc): r'''Calculates Nusselt number for a fluid flowing inside a curved pipe such as a helical coil under turbulent conditions, using the method of Mori and Nakayama [1]_, also shown in [2]_ and [3]_. For :math:`Pr < 1`: .. math:: Nu = \frac{Pr}{26.2(Pr^{2/3}-0.074)}Re^{0.8}\left(\frac{D_i}{D_c} \right)^{0.1}\left[1 + \frac{0.098}{\left[Re\left(\frac{D_i}{D_c} \right)^2\right]^{0.2}}\right] For :math:`Pr \ge 1`: .. math:: Nu = \frac{Pr^{0.4}}{41}Re^{5/6}\left(\frac{D_i}{D_c}\right)^{1/12} \left[1 + \frac{0.061}{\left[Re\left(\frac{D_i}{D_c}\right)^{2.5} \right]^{1/6}}\right] Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number with `D=Di`, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number with bulk properties [-] Di : float Inner diameter of the coil, [m] Dc : float Diameter of the helix/coil measured from the center of the tube on one side to the center of the tube on the other side, [m] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number with respect to `Di`, [-] Notes ----- At very low curvatures, the predicted heat transfer coefficient grows unbounded. Applicable for :math:`Re\left(\frac{D_i}{D_c}\right)^2 > 0.1` Examples -------- >>> helical_turbulent_Nu_Mori_Nakayama(2E5, 0.7, 0.01, .2) 496.2522480663327 References ---------- .. [1] Mori, Yasuo, and Wataru Nakayama. "Study on Forced Convective Heat Transfer in Curved Pipes." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 10, no. 5 (May 1, 1967): 681-95. doi:10.1016/0017-9310(67)90113-5. .. [2] El-Genk, Mohamed S., and Timothy M. Schriener. "A Review and Correlations for Convection Heat Transfer and Pressure Losses in Toroidal and Helically Coiled Tubes." Heat Transfer Engineering 0, no. 0 (June 7, 2016): 1-28. doi:10.1080/01457632.2016.1194693. .. [3] Hardik, B. K., P. K. Baburajan, and S. V. Prabhu. "Local Heat Transfer Coefficient in Helical Coils with Single Phase Flow." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 89 (October 2015): 522-38. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.05.069. ''' D_ratio = Di/Dc if Pr < 1: term1 = Pr/(26.2*(Pr**(2/3.) - 0.074))*Re**0.8*D_ratio**0.1 term2 = 1. + 0.098*(Re*D_ratio*D_ratio)**-0.2 else: term1 = Pr**0.4/41.*Re**(5/6.)*(Di/Dc)**(1/12.) term2 = 1. + 0.061/(Re*(Di/Dc)**2.5)**(1/6.) return term1*term2
[docs]def helical_turbulent_Nu_Schmidt(Re, Pr, Di, Dc): r'''Calculates Nusselt number for a fluid flowing inside a curved pipe such as a helical coil under turbulent conditions, using the method of Schmidt [1]_, also shown in [2]_, [3]_, and [4]_. For :math:`Re_{crit} < Re < 2.2\times 10 ^4`: .. math:: Nu = 0.023\left[1 + 14.8\left(1 + \frac{D_i}{D_c}\right)\left( \frac{D_i}{D_c}\right)^{1/3}\right]Re^{0.8-0.22\left(\frac{D_i}{D_c} \right)^{0.1}}Pr^{1/3} For :math:`2.2\times 10^4 < Re < 1.5\times 10^5`: .. math:: Nu = 0.023\left[1 + 3.6\left(1 - \frac{D_i}{D_c}\right)\left(\frac{D_i} {D_c}\right)^{0.8}\right]Re^{0.8}Pr^{1/3} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number with `D=Di`, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number with bulk properties [-] Di : float Inner diameter of the coil, [m] Dc : float Diameter of the helix/coil measured from the center of the tube on one side to the center of the tube on the other side, [m] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number with respect to `Di`, [-] Notes ----- For very low curvatures, reasonable results are returned by both cases of Reynolds numbers. Examples -------- >>> helical_turbulent_Nu_Schmidt(2E5, 0.7, 0.01, .2) 466.2569996832083 References ---------- .. [1] Schmidt, Eckehard F. "Wärmeübergang Und Druckverlust in Rohrschlangen." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 39, no. 13 (July 10, 1967): 781-89. doi:10.1002/cite.330391302. .. [2] El-Genk, Mohamed S., and Timothy M. Schriener. "A Review and Correlations for Convection Heat Transfer and Pressure Losses in Toroidal and Helically Coiled Tubes." Heat Transfer Engineering 0, no. 0 (June 7, 2016): 1-28. doi:10.1080/01457632.2016.1194693. .. [3] Hardik, B. K., P. K. Baburajan, and S. V. Prabhu. "Local Heat Transfer Coefficient in Helical Coils with Single Phase Flow." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 89 (October 2015): 522-38. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.05.069. .. [4] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. ''' D_ratio = Di/Dc if Re <= 2.2E4: term = Re**(0.8 - 0.22*D_ratio**0.1)*Pr**(1/3.) return 0.023*(1. + 14.8*(1. + D_ratio)*D_ratio**(1/3.))*term else: return 0.023*(1. + 3.6*(1. - D_ratio)*D_ratio**0.8)*Re**0.8*Pr**(1/3.)
[docs]def helical_turbulent_Nu_Xin_Ebadian(Re, Pr, Di, Dc): r'''Calculates Nusselt number for a fluid flowing inside a curved pipe such as a helical coil under turbulent conditions, using the method of Xin and Ebadian [1]_, also shown in [2]_ and [3]_. For :math:`Re_{crit} < Re < 1\times 10^5`: .. math:: Nu = 0.00619Re^{0.92} Pr^{0.4}\left[1 + 3.455\left(\frac{D_i}{D_c} \right)\right] Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number with `D=Di`, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number with bulk properties [-] Di : float Inner diameter of the coil, [m] Dc : float Diameter of the helix/coil measured from the center of the tube on one side to the center of the tube on the other side, [m] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number with respect to `Di`, [-] Notes ----- For very low curvatures, reasonable results are returned. The correlation was developed with data in the range of :math:`0.7 < Pr < 5; 0.0267 < \frac{D_i}{D_c} < 0.0884`. Examples -------- >>> helical_turbulent_Nu_Xin_Ebadian(2E5, 0.7, 0.01, .2) 474.11413424344755 References ---------- .. [1] Xin, R. C., and M. A. Ebadian. "The Effects of Prandtl Numbers on Local and Average Convective Heat Transfer Characteristics in Helical Pipes." Journal of Heat Transfer 119, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 467-73. doi:10.1115/1.2824120. .. [2] El-Genk, Mohamed S., and Timothy M. Schriener. "A Review and Correlations for Convection Heat Transfer and Pressure Losses in Toroidal and Helically Coiled Tubes." Heat Transfer Engineering 0, no. 0 (June 7, 2016): 1-28. doi:10.1080/01457632.2016.1194693. .. [3] Hardik, B. K., P. K. Baburajan, and S. V. Prabhu. "Local Heat Transfer Coefficient in Helical Coils with Single Phase Flow." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 89 (October 2015): 522-38. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.05.069. ''' return 0.00619*Re**0.92*Pr**0.4*(1. + 3.455*Di/Dc)
### Rectangular Channels
[docs]def Nu_laminar_rectangular_Shan_London(a_r): r'''Calculates internal convection Nusselt number for laminar flows in a rectangular pipe of varying aspect ratio, as developed in [1]_. This model is derived assuming a constant wall heat flux from all sides. This is entirely theoretically derived and reproduced experimentally. .. math:: Nu_{lam} = 8.235\left(1 - 2.0421\alpha + 3.0853\alpha^2 - 2.4765\alpha^3 + 1.0578\alpha^4 - 0.1861\alpha^5\right) Parameters ---------- a_r : float The aspect ratio of the channel, from 0 to 1 [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number of flow in a rectangular channel, [-] Notes ----- At an aspect ratio of 1 (square channel), the Nusselt number converges to 3.610224. The authors of [1]_ also published [2]_, which tabulates in their table 42 some less precise results that are used to check this function. Examples -------- >>> Nu_laminar_rectangular_Shan_London(.7) 3.751762675455 References ---------- .. [1] Shah, R. K, and Alexander Louis London. Supplement 1: Laminar Flow Forced Convection in Ducts: A Source Book for Compact Heat Exchanger Analytical Data. New York: Academic Press, 1978. .. [2] Shah, Ramesh K., and A. L. London. "Laminar Flow Forced Convection Heat Transfer and Flow Friction in Straight and Curved Ducts - A Summary of Analytical Solutions." STANFORD UNIV CA DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, STANFORD UNIV CA DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, November 1971. http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0736260. ''' return 8.235*(1 - 2.0421*a_r + 3.0853*a_r**2 - 2.4765*a_r**3 + 1.0578*a_r**4 - 0.1861*a_r**5)