Source code for ht.conv_tube_bank

'''Chemical Engineering Design Library (ChEDL). Utilities for process modeling.
Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018 Caleb Bell <Caleb.Andrew.Bell@gmail.com>

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
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'''

from math import exp, pi, radians, sin

from fluids.numerics import bisplev, horner, implementation_optimize_tck, splev
from fluids.numerics import numpy as np

from ht.core import WALL_FACTOR_PRANDTL, wall_factor

__all__ = ['dP_Kern', 'dP_Zukauskas',
           'Nu_ESDU_73031', 'Nu_Zukauskas_Bejan','Nu_HEDH_tube_bank',
           'Nu_Grimison_tube_bank',
           'Zukauskas_tube_row_correction',
           'ESDU_tube_row_correction',
           'ESDU_tube_angle_correction',
           'baffle_correction_Bell', 'baffle_leakage_Bell',
           'bundle_bypassing_Bell', 'unequal_baffle_spacing_Bell',
           'laminar_correction_Bell']

__numba_additional_funcs__ = ['Grimison_C1_aligned_interp', 'Grimison_m_aligned_interp',
                              'Grimson_C1_staggered_interp', 'Grimson_m_staggered_interp',
                              'Kern_f_Re', 'Bell_baffle_configuration_obj', 'Bell_baffle_leakage_obj',
                              'Bell_bundle_bypass_low_obj', 'Bell_bundle_bypass_high_obj']

try:
    IS_NUMBA # type: ignore # noqa: F821
except:
    IS_NUMBA = False
# Applies for row 1-9.
Grimson_Nl_aligned = [0.64, 0.8, 0.87, 0.9, 0.92, 0.94, 0.96, 0.98, 0.99]
Grimson_Nl_staggered = [0.68, 0.75, 0.83, 0.89, 0.92, 0.95, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99]


Grimison_SL_aligned = [1.25, 1.5, 2, 3]
Grimison_ST_aligned = Grimison_SL_aligned
Grimison_C1_aligned = [[0.348, 0.275, 0.1, 0.0633],
                                [0.367, 0.25, 0.101, 0.0678],
                                [0.418, 0.299, 0.229, 0.198],
                                [0.29, 0.357, 0.374, 0.286]]
Grimison_m_aligned = [[0.592, 0.608, 0.704, 0.752],
                               [0.586, 0.62, 0.702, 0.744],
                               [0.57, 0.602, 0.632, 0.648],
                               [0.601, 0.584, 0.581, 0.608]]

Grimison_C1_aligned_tck = implementation_optimize_tck([[1.25, 1.25, 1.25, 1.25, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0],
                           [1.25, 1.25, 1.25, 1.25, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0],
                           [0.34800000000000003, 0.20683194444444492, -0.18023055555555617,
                            0.06330000000000001, 0.3755277777777776, -0.28351037808642043,
                            0.24365763888889008, -0.0007166666666667326, 0.5481111111111114,
                            0.2925767746913588, 0.8622214506172828, 0.5207777777777779, 0.29,
                            0.5062500000000002, 0.26944444444444426, 0.286],
                            3, 3], force_numpy=IS_NUMBA)

Grimison_C1_aligned_interp = lambda x, y : float(bisplev(x, y, Grimison_C1_aligned_tck))


Grimison_m_aligned_tck = implementation_optimize_tck([[1.25, 1.25, 1.25, 1.25, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0],
                          [1.25, 1.25, 1.25, 1.25, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0],
                          [0.5920000000000001, 0.5877777777777775, 0.9133333333333344,
                           0.752, 0.5828472222222219, 0.7998613040123475,
                           0.7413584104938251, 0.7841111111111112, 0.5320833333333332,
                           0.5504147376543196, 0.30315663580247154, 0.4148888888888891,
                           0.601, 0.5454861111111109, 0.6097500000000002, 0.608],
                           3, 3], force_numpy=IS_NUMBA)
Grimison_m_aligned_interp = lambda x, y : float(bisplev(x, y, Grimison_m_aligned_tck))


Grimson_SL_staggered = [1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 0.9,
                                 1.125, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.125, 1.25,
                                 1.5, 2, 3]

Grimson_ST_staggered = [1.25, 1.25, 1.25, 1.25, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5,
                                 1.5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3]

Grimson_m_staggered = [0.556, 0.568, 0.572, 0.592, 0.558, 0.554,
                                0.562, 0.568, 0.58, 0.571, 0.565, 0.556, 0.568,
                                0.556, 0.562, 0.636, 0.581, 0.56, 0.562, 0.568,
                                0.57, 0.574]

Grimson_C1_staggered = [0.518, 0.451, 0.404, 0.31, 0.497, 0.505, 0.46,
                                 0.416, 0.356, 0.446, 0.478, 0.519, 0.452,
                                 0.482, 0.44, 0.213, 0.401, 0.518, 0.522,
                                 0.488, 0.449, 0.428]

"""`interp2d` creates warnings when used on these. They are avoided by
pre-generating the splines, and interfacing with fitpack at a lower level.
"""
tck_Grimson_m_staggered = implementation_optimize_tck([[1.25, 1.25, 1.8667584356619125, 2.0, 2.8366905775206916, 3.0, 3.0],
     [0.6, 0.6, 1.0085084989709654, 1.340729148958038, 1.5154196399508033, 3.0, 3.0],
     [1.731351706314169, 0.3675823638826614, 0.6267891238439347, 0.5623083927989683, 0.5920000000000982, 1.180171700201992,
               0.7874995409316767, 0.4622370503994375, 0.562004066622535, 0.5623955950882191, 0.5680620929528815, 0.5720626262793304,
               0.5510099520872309, 0.5641771077227365, 0.5597975310692721, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.6361653765016168,
               0.5601991640778442, 0.5621224100266599, 0.5684014375982079, 0.573932491076899],
    1, 1], force_numpy=IS_NUMBA)

tck_Grimson_C1_staggered = implementation_optimize_tck([[1.25, 1.25, 1.936293121624252, 2.0, 2.094408820089069, 3.0, 3.0],
    [0.6, 0.6, 1.1841422334268308, 1.3897531616318943, 1.6483901017748916, 3.0, 3.0],
    [0.534042720665836, 0.5446897215451869, 0.4613632028066018, 0.4370513304331604, 0.31000000000000005, 0.3060114256888106,
              0.4719357486311919, 0.5043332405690643, 0.4371755864391464, 0.4362779343788622, 0.364660449991649, 0.5144234623651529,
              0.4513822953351327, 0.4852710459180796, 0.4420724694173403, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.21898644381978172,
              0.5500312131715677, 0.4969529176876636, 0.46150347905703587, 0.4270770845430577],
    1, 1], force_numpy=IS_NUMBA)

Grimson_m_staggered_interp = lambda x, y: float(bisplev(x, y, tck_Grimson_m_staggered))
Grimson_C1_staggered_interp = lambda x, y: float(bisplev(x, y, tck_Grimson_C1_staggered))



[docs]def Nu_Grimison_tube_bank(Re, Pr, Do, tube_rows, pitch_parallel, pitch_normal): r'''Calculates Nusselt number for crossflow across a tube bank of tube rows at a specified `Re`, `Pr`, and `D` using the Grimison methodology as described in [1]_. .. math:: \bar{Nu_D} = 1.13C_1Re_{D,max}^m Pr^{1/3}C_2 Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number with respect to average (bulk) fluid properties and tube outside diameter, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number with respect to average (bulk) fluid properties, [-] Do : float Tube outer diameter, [m] tube_rows : int Number of tube rows per bundle, [-] pitch_parallel : float Distance between tube center along a line parallel to the flow; has been called `longitudinal` pitch, `pp`, `s2`, `SL`, and `p2`, [m] pitch_normal : float Distance between tube centers in a line 90° to the line of flow; has been called the `transverse` pitch, `pn`, `s1`, `ST`, and `p1`, [m] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number with respect to tube outside diameter, [-] Notes ----- Tube row correction factors are applied for tube row counts less than 10, also published in [1]_. Examples -------- >>> Nu_Grimison_tube_bank(Re=10263.37, Pr=.708, tube_rows=11, ... pitch_normal=.05, pitch_parallel=.05, Do=.025) 79.07883866010 >>> Nu_Grimison_tube_bank(Re=10263.37, Pr=.708, tube_rows=11, ... pitch_normal=.07, pitch_parallel=.05, Do=.025) 79.92721078571 References ---------- .. [1] Grimson, E. D. (1937) Correlation and Utilisation of New Data on Flow Resistance and Heat Transfer for Cross Flow of Gases over Tube Banks. Trans. ASME. 59 583-594 ''' staggered = abs(1 - pitch_normal/pitch_parallel) > 0.05 a = pitch_normal/Do # sT b = pitch_parallel/Do if not staggered: C1 = float(bisplev(b, a, Grimison_C1_aligned_tck)) m = float(bisplev(b, a, Grimison_m_aligned_tck)) else: C1 = float(bisplev(b, a, tck_Grimson_C1_staggered)) m = float(bisplev(b, a, tck_Grimson_m_staggered)) tube_rows = int(tube_rows) if tube_rows < 10: if tube_rows < 1: tube_rows = 1 if staggered: C2 = Grimson_Nl_staggered[tube_rows] else: C2 = Grimson_Nl_aligned[tube_rows] else: C2 = 1.0 Nu = 1.13*Re**m*Pr**(1.0/3.0)*C2*C1 return Nu
Zukauskas_Czs_low_Re_staggered = [0.8295, 0.8792, 0.9151, 0.9402, 0.957, 0.9677, 0.9745, 0.9785, 0.9808, 0.9823, 0.9838, 0.9855, 0.9873, 0.9891, 0.991, 0.9929, 0.9948, 0.9967, 0.9987] Zukauskas_Czs_high_Re_staggered = [0.6273, 0.7689, 0.8473, 0.8942, 0.9254, 0.945, 0.957, 0.9652, 0.9716, 0.9765, 0.9803, 0.9834, 0.9862, 0.989, 0.9918, 0.9943, 0.9965, 0.998, 0.9986] Zukauskas_Czs_inline = [0.6768, 0.8089, 0.8687, 0.9054, 0.9303, 0.9465, 0.9569, 0.9647, 0.9712, 0.9766, 0.9811, 0.9847, 0.9877, 0.99, 0.992, 0.9937, 0.9953, 0.9969, 0.9986]
[docs]def Zukauskas_tube_row_correction(tube_rows, staggered=True, Re=1E4): r'''Calculates the tube row correction factor according to a graph digitized from [1] for heat transfer across a tube bundle. The correction factors are slightly different for staggered vs. inline configurations; for the staggered configuration, factors are available separately for `Re` larger or smaller than 1000. This method is a tabular lookup, with values of 1 when the tube row count is 20 or more. Parameters ---------- tube_rows : int Number of tube rows per bundle, [-] staggered : bool, optional Whether in the in-line or staggered configuration, [-] Re : float, optional The Reynolds number of flow through the tube bank using the bare tube outer diameter and the minimum flow area through the bundle, [-] Returns ------- F : float Tube row count correction factor, [-] Notes ----- The basis for this method is that an infinitely long tube bank has a factor of 1; in practice the factor is reached at 20 rows. Examples -------- >>> Zukauskas_tube_row_correction(4, staggered=True) 0.8942 >>> Zukauskas_tube_row_correction(6, staggered=False) 0.9465 References ---------- .. [1] Zukauskas, A. Heat transfer from tubes in crossflow. In T.F. Irvine, Jr. and J. P. Hartnett, editors, Advances in Heat Transfer, volume 8, pages 93-160. Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1972. ''' tube_rows = int(tube_rows) # sanity for indexing if tube_rows < 1: tube_rows = 1 if staggered: # in-line, with a tolerance of 0.05 proximity if tube_rows <= 19: factors = Zukauskas_Czs_low_Re_staggered if Re < 1000 else Zukauskas_Czs_high_Re_staggered correction = factors[tube_rows-1] else: correction = 1.0 else: if tube_rows <= 19: correction = Zukauskas_Czs_inline[tube_rows-1] else: correction = 1.0 return correction
[docs]def Nu_Zukauskas_Bejan(Re, Pr, tube_rows, pitch_parallel, pitch_normal, Pr_wall=None): r'''Calculates Nusselt number for crossflow across a tube bank of tube number n at a specified `Re` according to the method of Zukauskas [1]_. A fit to graphs from [1]_ published in [2]_ is used for the correlation. The tube row correction factor is obtained from digitized graphs from [1]_, and a lookup table was created and is used for speed. The formulas are as follows: Aligned tube banks: .. math:: \bar Nu_D = 0.9 C_nRe_D^{0.4}Pr^{0.36}\left(\frac{Pr}{Pr_w}\right)^{0.25} \text{ for } 1 < Re < 100 .. math:: \bar Nu_D = 0.52 C_nRe_D^{0.5}Pr^{0.36}\left(\frac{Pr}{Pr_w}\right)^{0.25} \text{ for } 100 < Re < 1000 .. math:: \bar Nu_D = 0.27 C_nRe_D^{0.63}Pr^{0.36}\left(\frac{Pr}{Pr_w}\right)^{0.25} \text{ for } 1000 < Re < 20000 .. math:: \bar Nu_D = 0.033 C_nRe_D^{0.8}Pr^{0.36}\left(\frac{Pr}{Pr_w}\right)^{0.25} \text{ for } 20000 < Re < 200000 Staggered tube banks: .. math:: \bar Nu_D = 1.04C_nRe_D^{0.4}Pr^{0.36}\left(\frac{Pr}{Pr_w}\right)^{0.25} \text{ for } 1 < Re < 500 .. math:: \bar Nu_D = 0.71C_nRe_D^{0.5}Pr^{0.36}\left(\frac{Pr}{Pr_w}\right)^{0.25} \text{ for } 500 < Re < 1000 .. math:: \bar Nu_D = 0.35 C_nRe_D^{0.6}Pr^{0.36}\left(\frac{Pr}{Pr_w}\right)^{0.25} \left(\frac{X_t}{X_l}\right)^{0.2} \text{ for } 1000 < Re < 20000 .. math:: \bar Nu_D = 0.031 C_nRe_D^{0.8}Pr^{0.36}\left(\frac{Pr}{Pr_w}\right)^{0.25} \left(\frac{X_t}{X_l}\right)^{0.2} \text{ for } 20000 < Re < 200000 Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number with respect to average (bulk) fluid properties and tube outside diameter, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number with respect to average (bulk) fluid properties, [-] tube_rows : int Number of tube rows per bundle, [-] pitch_parallel : float Distance between tube center along a line parallel to the flow; has been called `longitudinal` pitch, `pp`, `s2`, `SL`, and `p2`, [m] pitch_normal : float Distance between tube centers in a line 90° to the line of flow; has been called the `transverse` pitch, `pn`, `s1`, `ST`, and `p1`, [m] Pr_wall : float, optional Prandtl number at the wall temperature; provide if a correction with the defaults parameters is desired; otherwise apply the correction elsewhere, [-] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number with respect to tube outside diameter, [-] Notes ----- If `Pr_wall` is not provided, the Prandtl number correction is not used and left to an outside function. A Prandtl number exponent of 0.25 is recommended in [1]_ for heating and cooling for both liquids and gases. Examples -------- >>> Nu_Zukauskas_Bejan(Re=1E4, Pr=7., tube_rows=10, pitch_parallel=.05, pitch_normal=.05) 175.9202277145248 References ---------- .. [1] Zukauskas, A. Heat transfer from tubes in crossflow. In T.F. Irvine, Jr. and J. P. Hartnett, editors, Advances in Heat Transfer, volume 8, pages 93-160. Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1972. .. [2] Bejan, Adrian. "Convection Heat Transfer", 4E. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, 2013. ''' staggered = abs(1 - pitch_normal/pitch_parallel) > 0.05 f = 1.0 if not staggered: if Re < 100: c, m = 0.9, 0.4 elif Re < 1000: c, m = 0.52, 0.05 elif Re < 2E5: c, m = 0.27, 0.63 else: c, m = 0.033, 0.8 else: if Re < 500: c, m = 1.04, 0.4 elif Re < 1000: c, m = 0.71, 0.5 elif Re < 2E5: c, m = 0.35, 0.6 f = (pitch_normal/pitch_parallel)**0.2 else: c, m = 0.031, 0.8 f = (pitch_normal/pitch_parallel)**0.2 Nu = c*Re**m*Pr**0.36*f if Pr_wall is not None: Nu*= (Pr/Pr_wall)**0.25 Cn = Zukauskas_tube_row_correction(tube_rows, staggered=staggered, Re=Re) Nu *= Cn return Nu
# For row counts 3 to 9, inclusive. Lower tube counts shouldn't be considered # tube banks. 10 is 1. ESDU_73031_F2_inline = [0.8479, 0.8957, 0.9306, 0.9551, 0.9724, 0.9839, 0.9902] ESDU_73031_F2_staggered = [0.8593, 0.8984, 0.9268, 0.9482, 0.965, 0.9777, 0.9868]
[docs]def ESDU_tube_row_correction(tube_rows, staggered=True, Re=3000.0, method='Hewitt'): r'''Calculates the tube row correction factor according to [1]_ as shown in [2]_ for heat transfer across a tube bundle. This is also used for finned bundles. The correction factors are slightly different for staggered vs. inline configurations. This method is a tabular lookup, with values of 1 when the tube row count is 10 or more. Parameters ---------- tube_rows : int Number of tube rows per bundle, [-] staggered : bool, optional Whether in the in-line or staggered configuration, [-] Re : float, optional The Reynolds number of flow through the tube bank using the bare tube outer diameter and the minimum flow area through the bundle, [-] method : str, optional 'Hewitt'; this may have another option in the future, [-] Returns ------- F2 : float ESDU tube row count correction factor, [-] Notes ----- In [1]_, for line data, there are two curves given for different Reynolds number ranges. This is not included in [2]_ and only an average curve is given. This is not implemented here; `Re` is an argument but does not impact the result of this function. For tube counts 1-7, [3]_ claims the factors from [1]_ are on average: [0.65, 0.77, 0.84, 0.9, 0.94, 0.97, 0.99]. Examples -------- >>> ESDU_tube_row_correction(4, staggered=True) 0.8984 >>> ESDU_tube_row_correction(6, staggered=False) 0.9551 References ---------- .. [1] "Convective Heat Transfer During Crossflow of Fluids Over Plain Tube Banks." ESDU 73031 (November 1, 1973). .. [2] Hewitt, G. L. Shires, T. Reg Bott G. F., George L. Shires, and T. R. Bott. Process Heat Transfer. 1st edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1994. .. [3] Rabas, T. J., and J. Taborek. "Survey of Turbulent Forced-Convection Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics of Low-Finned Tube Banks in Cross Flow." Heat Transfer Engineering 8, no. 2 (January 1987): 49-62. ''' if method == 'Hewitt': if staggered: # in-line, with a tolerance of 0.05 proximity if tube_rows <= 2: correction = ESDU_73031_F2_staggered[0] elif tube_rows >= 10: correction = 1.0 else: correction = ESDU_73031_F2_staggered[tube_rows-3] else: if tube_rows <= 2: correction = ESDU_73031_F2_inline[0] elif tube_rows >= 10: correction = 1.0 else: correction = ESDU_73031_F2_inline[tube_rows-3] return correction
[docs]def ESDU_tube_angle_correction(angle): r'''Calculates the tube bank inclination correction factor according to [1]_ for heat transfer across a tube bundle. .. math:: F_3 = \frac{Nu_{\theta}}{Nu_{\theta=90^{\circ}}} = (\sin(\theta))^{0.6} Parameters ---------- angle : float The angle of inclination of the tuba bank with respect to the longitudinal axis (90° for a straight tube bank) Returns ------- F3 : float ESDU tube inclination correction factor, [-] Notes ----- A curve is given in [1]_ but it is so close the function, it is likely the function is all that is used. [1]_ claims this correction is valid for :math:`100 < Re < 10^{6}`. For angles less than 10°, the problem should be considered internal flow, not flow across a tube bank. Examples -------- >>> ESDU_tube_angle_correction(75) 0.9794139080247666 References ---------- .. [1] "Convective Heat Transfer During Crossflow of Fluids Over Plain Tube Banks." ESDU 73031 (November 1, 1973). ''' return sin(radians(angle))**0.6
[docs]def Nu_ESDU_73031(Re, Pr, tube_rows, pitch_parallel, pitch_normal, Pr_wall=None, angle=90.0): r'''Calculates the Nusselt number for crossflow across a tube bank with a specified number of tube rows, at a specified `Re` according to [1]_, also shown in [2]_. .. math:: \text{Nu} = a \text{Re}^m\text{Pr}^{0.34}F_1 F_2 The constants `a` and `m` come from the following tables: In-line tube banks: +---------+-------+-------+ | Re | a | m | +=========+=======+=======+ | 10-300 | 0.742 | 0.431 | +---------+-------+-------+ | 300-2E5 | 0.211 | 0.651 | +---------+-------+-------+ | 2E5-2E6 | 0.116 | 0.700 | +---------+-------+-------+ Staggered tube banks: +---------+-------+-------+ | Re | a | m | +=========+=======+=======+ | 10-300 | 1.309 | 0.360 | +---------+-------+-------+ | 300-2E5 | 0.273 | 0.635 | +---------+-------+-------+ | 2E5-2E6 | 0.124 | 0.700 | +---------+-------+-------+ Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number with respect to average (bulk) fluid properties and tube outside diameter, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number with respect to average (bulk) fluid properties, [-] tube_rows : int Number of tube rows per bundle, [-] pitch_parallel : float Distance between tube center along a line parallel to the flow; has been called `longitudinal` pitch, `pp`, `s2`, `SL`, and `p2`, [m] pitch_normal : float Distance between tube centers in a line 90° to the line of flow; has been called the `transverse` pitch, `pn`, `s1`, `ST`, and `p1`, [m] Pr_wall : float, optional Prandtl number at the wall temperature; provide if a correction with the defaults parameters is desired; otherwise apply the correction elsewhere, [-] angle : float, optional The angle of inclination of the tuba bank with respect to the longitudinal axis (90° for a straight tube bank) Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number with respect to tube outside diameter, [-] Notes ----- The tube-row count correction factor `F2` can be disabled by setting `tube_rows` to 10. The property correction factor `F1` can be disabled by not specifying `Pr_wall`. A Prandtl number exponent of 0.26 is recommended in [1]_ for heating and cooling for both liquids and gases. The pitches are used to determine whhether or not to use data for staggered or inline tube banks. The inline coefficients are valid for a normal pitch to tube diameter ratio from 1.2 to 4; and the staggered ones from 1 to 4. The overall accuracy of this method is claimed to be 15%. See Also -------- ESDU_tube_angle_correction ESDU_tube_row_correction Examples -------- >>> Nu_ESDU_73031(Re=1.32E4, Pr=0.71, tube_rows=8, pitch_parallel=.09, ... pitch_normal=.05) 98.2563319140594 References ---------- .. [1] "High-Fin Staggered Tube Banks: Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop for Turbulent Single Phase Gas Flow." ESDU 86022 (October 1, 1986). .. [2] Hewitt, G. L. Shires, T. Reg Bott G. F., George L. Shires, and T. R. Bott. Process Heat Transfer. 1st edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1994. ''' staggered = abs(1 - pitch_normal/pitch_parallel) > 0.05 if staggered: if Re <= 300: a, m = 1.309, 0.360 elif Re <= 2E5: a, m = 0.273, 0.635 else: a, m = 0.124, 0.700 else: if Re <= 300: a, m = 0.742, 0.431 elif Re <= 2E5: a, m = 0.211, 0.651 else: a, m = 0.116, 0.700 F2 = ESDU_tube_row_correction(tube_rows=tube_rows, staggered=staggered) F3 = ESDU_tube_angle_correction(angle) if Pr_wall is not None: F1 = wall_factor(Pr=Pr, Pr_wall=Pr_wall, Pr_heating_coeff=0.26, Pr_cooling_coeff=0.26, property_option=WALL_FACTOR_PRANDTL) else: F1 = 1.0 return a*Re**m*Pr**0.34*F1*F2*F3
[docs]def Nu_HEDH_tube_bank(Re, Pr, Do, tube_rows, pitch_parallel, pitch_normal): r'''Calculates Nusselt number for crossflow across a tube bank of tube rows at a specified `Re`, `Pr`, and `D` using the Heat Exchanger Design Handbook (HEDH) methodology, presented in [1]_. .. math:: Nu = Nu_m f_N .. math:: Nu_m = 0.3 + \sqrt{Nu_{m,lam}^2 + Nu_{m,turb}^2} .. math:: Nu_{m,turb} = \frac{0.037Re^{0.8} Pr}{1 + 2.443Re^{-0.1}(Pr^{2/3} -1)} .. math:: Nu_{m,lam} = 0.664Re^{0.5} Pr^{1/3} .. math:: \psi = 1 - \frac{\pi}{4a} \text{ if b >= 1} .. math:: \psi = 1 - \frac{\pi}{4ab} \text{if b < 1} .. math:: f_A = 1 + \frac{0.7}{\psi^{1.5}}\frac{b/a-0.3}{(b/a) + 0.7)^2} \text{if inline} .. math:: f_A = 1 + \frac{2}{3b} \text{elif partly staggered} .. math:: f_N = \frac{1 + (n-1)f_A}{n} Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number with respect to average (bulk) fluid properties and tube outside diameter, [-] Pr : float Prandtl number with respect to average (bulk) fluid properties, [-] Do : float Tube outer diameter, [m] tube_rows : int Number of tube rows per bundle, [-] pitch_parallel : float Distance between tube center along a line parallel to the flow; has been called `longitudinal` pitch, `pp`, `s2`, `SL`, and `p2`, [m] pitch_normal : float Distance between tube centers in a line 90° to the line of flow; has been called the `transverse` pitch, `pn`, `s1`, `ST`, and `p1`, [m] Returns ------- Nu : float Nusselt number with respect to tube outside diameter, [-] Notes ----- Prandtl number correction left to an outside function, although a set of coefficients were specified in [1]_ because they depent on whether heating or cooling is happening, and for gases, use a temperature ratio instaed of Prandtl number. The claimed range of validity of these expressions is :math:`10 < Re < 1E5` and :math:`0.6 < Pr < 1000`. Examples -------- >>> Nu_HEDH_tube_bank(Re=1E4, Pr=7., tube_rows=10, pitch_normal=.05, ... pitch_parallel=.05, Do=.03) 382.4636554404698 Example 3.11 in [2]_: >>> Nu_HEDH_tube_bank(Re=10263.37, Pr=.708, tube_rows=11, pitch_normal=.05, ... pitch_parallel=.05, Do=.025) 149.18735251017594 References ---------- .. [1] Schlunder, Ernst U, and International Center for Heat and Mass Transfer. Heat Exchanger Design Handbook. Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1987. .. [2] Baehr, Hans Dieter, and Karl Stephan. Heat and Mass Transfer. Springer, 2013. ''' staggered = abs(1 - pitch_normal/pitch_parallel) > 0.05 a = pitch_normal/Do b = pitch_parallel/Do if b >= 1: voidage = 1. - pi/(4.0*a) else: voidage = 1. - pi/(4.0*a*b) Re = Re/voidage Nu_laminar = 0.664*Re**0.5*Pr**(1.0/3.) Nu_turbulent = 0.037*Re**0.8*Pr/(1. + 2.443*Re**-0.1*(Pr**(2/3.) - 1.0)) Nu = 0.3 + (Nu_laminar*Nu_laminar + Nu_turbulent*Nu_turbulent)**0.5 if not staggered: fA = 1.0 + 0.7/voidage**1.5*(b/a - 0.3)/(b/a + 0.7)**2 else: fA = 1.0 + 2./(3.0*b) # a further partly staggered tube bank correlation exists, using another pitch if tube_rows < 10: fn = (1.0 + (tube_rows - 1.0)*fA)/tube_rows else: fn = fA Nu = Nu*fn return Nu
""" Graph presented in Peters and Timmerhaus uses fanning friction factor. This uses Darcy's friction factor. These coefficients were generated to speed up loading of this module. They are regenerated and checked in the tests. """ Kern_f_Re_tck = implementation_optimize_tck([[9.9524, 9.9524, 9.9524, 9.9524, 17.9105, 27.7862, 47.2083, 83.9573, 281.996, 1122.76, 42999.9, 1012440.0, 1012440.0, 1012440.0, 1012440.0], [6.040435949178239, 4.64973456285782, 2.95274850806163, 1.9569061885042, 1.1663069946420412, 0.6830549536215098, 0.4588680265447762, 0.22387792331971723, 0.12721190975530583, 0.1395456548881242, 0.12888895743468684, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0], 3], force_numpy=IS_NUMBA) Kern_f_Re = lambda x: float(splev(x, Kern_f_Re_tck))
[docs]def dP_Kern(m, rho, mu, DShell, LSpacing, pitch, Do, NBaffles, mu_w=None): r'''Calculates pressure drop for crossflow across a tube bank according to the equivalent-diameter method developed by Kern [1]_, presented in [2]_. .. math:: \Delta P = \frac{f (m/S_s)^2 D_s(N_B+1)}{2\rho D_e(\mu/\mu_w)^{0.14}} .. math:: S_S = \frac{D_S (P_T-D_o) L_B}{P_T} .. math:: D_e = \frac{4(P_T^2 - \pi D_o^2/4)}{\pi D_o} Parameters ---------- m : float Mass flow rate, [kg/s] rho : float Fluid density, [kg/m^3] mu : float Fluid viscosity, [Pa*s] DShell : float Diameter of exchanger shell, [m] LSpacing : float Baffle spacing, [m] pitch : float Tube pitch, [m] Do : float Tube outer diameter, [m] NBaffles : float Baffle count, [] mu_w : float Fluid viscosity at wall temperature, [Pa*s] Returns ------- dP : float Pressure drop across bundle, [Pa] Notes ----- Adjustment for viscosity left out of this function. Example is from [2]_. Roughly 10% difference due to reading of graph. Graph scanned from [1]_, and interpolation is used to read it. Examples -------- >>> dP_Kern(m=11., rho=995., mu=0.000803, mu_w=0.000657, DShell=0.584, ... LSpacing=0.1524, pitch=0.0254, Do=.019, NBaffles=22) 18980.58768759033 References ---------- .. [1] Kern, Donald Quentin. Process Heat Transfer. McGraw-Hill, 1950. .. [2] Peters, Max, Klaus Timmerhaus, and Ronald West. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. ''' # Adjustment for viscosity performed if given Ss = DShell*(pitch-Do)*LSpacing/pitch De = 4*(pitch*pitch - pi*Do*Do/4.)/pi/Do Vs = m/Ss/rho Re = rho*De*Vs/mu f = Kern_f_Re(Re) if mu_w: return f*(Vs*rho)**2*DShell*(NBaffles+1)/(2*rho*De*(mu/mu_w)**0.14) else: return f*(Vs*rho)**2*DShell*(NBaffles+1)/(2*rho*De)
_Zukauskas_correlations_loaded = False def load_Zukauskas_correlations(): global _Zukauskas_correlations_loaded, dP_staggered_f, dP_staggered_correction, dP_inline_f, dP_inline_correction from scipy.interpolate import RectBivariateSpline _Zukauskas_correlations_loaded = True _dP_staggered_Res = np.array([10, 10.9129, 11.6733, 13.1024, 14.0153, 14.9918, 17.1536, 18.5267, 19.8182, 20.7261, 22.243, 23.7936, 26.7057, 28.5663, 32.2732, 34.858, 37.2879, 41.0554, 44.4722, 47.8949, 51.2337, 55.3369, 65.1821, 70.4025, 76.0437, 82.1368, 88.7182, 95.1284, 100.553, 103.386, 108.398, 116.441, 118.455, 127.808, 129.188, 139.389, 140.899, 153.665, 155.444, 167.595, 168.914, 182.793, 197.771, 201.613, 217.768, 223.559, 241.759, 246.457, 268.516, 278.915, 292.866, 304.208, 322.535, 335.015, 351.772, 366.482, 402.412, 415.414, 451.79, 465.314, 497.559, 512.453, 542.68, 570.321, 609.312, 610.163, 671.039, 671.953, 731.917, 732.915, 813.886, 839.919, 896.808, 977.69, 1016.19, 1119.14, 1221.31, 1244.48, 1346.07, 1455.66, 1482.44, 1603.12, 1616.93, 1748.56, 1780.79, 1925.77, 1961.27, 2056.71, 2060.37, 2266.81, 2308.27, 2474.96, 2542.2, 2723.03, 2799.84, 2996.9, 3053.95, 3274.27, 3363.57, 3606.09, 4001.84, 4005.75, 4367.03, 4411.71, 4809.6, 4854.24, 5297.21, 5346.19, 5777.99, 5836.5, 6184.44, 6739.62, 6817.15, 7422.65, 7435.62, 8188.61, 8256.81, 9005.89, 9089.79, 9914.09, 9931.42, 10832, 11357.6, 11913.2, 12508.2, 13011.2, 13642.4, 14309.8, 15024.5, 15759.5, 16387, 17188.6, 18046.5, 18772.3, 19683.7, 20458.2, 22313.4, 22950.8, 24573.9, 26311.7, 27049.2, 28976.2, 29516.6, 31605, 32505.6, 34805.6, 35453.4, 37961.9, 39045, 39838.4, 40171.7, 43802.4, 43836, 47853, 48253.3, 52629.1, 57429.8, 57958.7, 60823.7, 63808, 66429.9, 72454.1, 76644.8, 79791.3, 86914.7, 87727.5, 94796.5, 95846.9, 102543, 103393, 112734, 123172, 124193, 134342, 136770, 147946, 149173, 161368, 162701, 177710, 179183, 193825, 197329, 203406, 205093, 224028, 225878, 246499, 248787, 268891, 271756, 296172, 299307, 323098, 329652, 355768, 363073, 388139, 399883, 411321, 411637, 453053, 453370, 494224, 499159, 539099, 549766, 593776, 617117, 617548, 679896, 741914, 748826, 816818, 899347, 899975, 991217, 1029890, 1039630, 1134310, 1145030, 1249310, 1261120, 1375630, 1388740, 1515150, 1529530, 1668760, 1684660, 1837940, 1855450, 2063320, 2064190, 2251140, 2273460, 2479450, 2502990, 2730830, 2756750 ]) _dP_staggered_Re_125 = np.array([23.9929, 22.6513, 21.1808, 19.0604, 17.8231, 16.6661, 14.5725, 13.6264, 12.8644, 12.1931, 11.3569, 10.7219, 9.55649, 8.93611, 7.91304, 7.32822, 6.89654, 6.28568, 5.80434, 5.44301, 5.08949, 4.72306, 4.06698, 3.79555, 3.5683, 3.30447, 3.1177, 2.91006, 2.77913, 2.71412, 2.60635, 2.4487, 2.41753, 2.2802, 2.25939, 2.12672, 2.11005, 1.98054, 1.96397, 1.85661, 1.84576, 1.74274, 1.66846, 1.63677, 1.56011, 1.53763, 1.47248, 1.45689, 1.38943, 1.36053, 1.32959, 1.30743, 1.27402, 1.2528, 1.22604, 1.20401, 1.15477, 1.13664, 1.10541, 1.09271, 1.06394, 1.05209, 1.02957, 1.01043, 0.985509, 0.984989, 0.950966, 0.950537, 0.92446, 0.924083, 0.894818, 0.885516, 0.868347, 0.848317, 0.840024, 0.819658, 0.801646, 0.797824, 0.782058, 0.766644, 0.763863, 0.752037, 0.75061, 0.737713, 0.736366, 0.730623, 0.728723, 0.723802, 0.723618, 0.709974, 0.707146, 0.696311, 0.694446, 0.689689, 0.685538, 0.675409, 0.672874, 0.663594, 0.66181, 0.657217, 0.636046, 0.63585, 0.619904, 0.619273, 0.613337, 0.612083, 0.601667, 0.601114, 0.595116, 0.592882, 0.580202, 0.570252, 0.568954, 0.558333, 0.558117, 0.542262, 0.541366, 0.532074, 0.530674, 0.517089, 0.516819, 0.502141, 0.497421, 0.492707, 0.484889, 0.478584, 0.471858, 0.465173, 0.458449, 0.451954, 0.448019, 0.443305, 0.436261, 0.430589, 0.424819, 0.420179, 0.409927, 0.406655, 0.398825, 0.391145, 0.387928, 0.380033, 0.378482, 0.372795, 0.369679, 0.362205, 0.359995, 0.351918, 0.34995, 0.348549, 0.347907, 0.341093, 0.341015, 0.332198, 0.331281, 0.322228, 0.316669, 0.315569, 0.310077, 0.30713, 0.304674, 0.296022, 0.29109, 0.287612, 0.282751, 0.282227, 0.277435, 0.276759, 0.271491, 0.270748, 0.263364, 0.258755, 0.258047, 0.251406, 0.250064, 0.244264, 0.243818, 0.239612, 0.239024, 0.232805, 0.232168, 0.226194, 0.225387, 0.224028, 0.224027, 0.224011, 0.22401, 0.223994, 0.223993, 0.223979, 0.223977, 0.223962, 0.22396, 0.223947, 0.223943, 0.22393, 0.223926, 0.223915, 0.223909, 0.223904, 0.223904, 0.223887, 0.223887, 0.226011, 0.225818, 0.224086, 0.223853, 0.22384, 0.225949, 0.225988, 0.225971, 0.225955, 0.225954, 0.225938, 0.225921, 0.225921, 0.225904, 0.223951, 0.224158, 0.22588, 0.225878, 0.225863, 0.225861, 0.225846, 0.225844, 0.225829, 0.225827, 0.225812, 0.22581, 0.225794, 0.225793, 0.225774, 0.225774, 0.225759, 0.225757, 0.227901, 0.227913, 0.227897, 0.227896 ]) _dP_staggered_Re_15 = np.array([9.34201, 8.81965, 8.28809, 7.42806, 6.97391, 6.57517, 5.84093, 5.50985, 5.16014, 4.93488, 4.68126, 4.42254, 3.99955, 3.773, 3.39505, 3.20519, 3.02598, 2.77577, 2.61488, 2.474, 2.33566, 2.20505, 1.96531, 1.8554, 1.76851, 1.68568, 1.60674, 1.54592, 1.47385, 1.45584, 1.42566, 1.36641, 1.35191, 1.29626, 1.28859, 1.24598, 1.24005, 1.18197, 1.17596, 1.13745, 1.13449, 1.10514, 1.04611, 1.03299, 1.01551, 1.00639, 0.975508, 0.956979, 0.921361, 0.906001, 0.886645, 0.876509, 0.861323, 0.848885, 0.833067, 0.820018, 0.790987, 0.781353, 0.757982, 0.750599, 0.73523, 0.72878, 0.715526, 0.703825, 0.690704, 0.69043, 0.671089, 0.670816, 0.658238, 0.65804, 0.642607, 0.638042, 0.628642, 0.616468, 0.611099, 0.59789, 0.592593, 0.59088, 0.5807, 0.571709, 0.569635, 0.559848, 0.558786, 0.554428, 0.553416, 0.5491, 0.548097, 0.54293, 0.542793, 0.537633, 0.53548, 0.52734, 0.525928, 0.522325, 0.519436, 0.51244, 0.510312, 0.502563, 0.501212, 0.497646, 0.483767, 0.483639, 0.479479, 0.478991, 0.469919, 0.469457, 0.465373, 0.464541, 0.457403, 0.456485, 0.452112, 0.44443, 0.443408, 0.435131, 0.434907, 0.419981, 0.418722, 0.415054, 0.414669, 0.405475, 0.405291, 0.396251, 0.391403, 0.387694, 0.383945, 0.378953, 0.373041, 0.369506, 0.365933, 0.360178, 0.355541, 0.350503, 0.34544, 0.342437, 0.338861, 0.33562, 0.326088, 0.324262, 0.319875, 0.312702, 0.30994, 0.303633, 0.301961, 0.295857, 0.293384, 0.286801, 0.285051, 0.281193, 0.27962, 0.27688, 0.276192, 0.269144, 0.269082, 0.261395, 0.260961, 0.256484, 0.249175, 0.248418, 0.244472, 0.240616, 0.237428, 0.23135, 0.228333, 0.226286, 0.219953, 0.21934, 0.21432, 0.213615, 0.209306, 0.208785, 0.203406, 0.198042, 0.197549, 0.193322, 0.192633, 0.189133, 0.188615, 0.183883, 0.183431, 0.178539, 0.17805, 0.173635, 0.172752, 0.171298, 0.171157, 0.169685, 0.169823, 0.171289, 0.171462, 0.172926, 0.173289, 0.176258, 0.176871, 0.181386, 0.182469, 0.186641, 0.188307, 0.193913, 0.196789, 0.199552, 0.199594, 0.201486, 0.2015, 0.203218, 0.203417, 0.203404, 0.203401, 0.204688, 0.205335, 0.205334, 0.203367, 0.203354, 0.203352, 0.203338, 0.205273, 0.20528, 0.205265, 0.205258, 0.205257, 0.205243, 0.205241, 0.205227, 0.205226, 0.205212, 0.20521, 0.205196, 0.205195, 0.205181, 0.205179, 0.205165, 0.205164, 0.205146, 0.205146, 0.205132, 0.205131, 0.205117, 0.205115, 0.205101, 0.2051 ]) _dP_staggered_Re_2 = np.array([3.3699, 3.25874, 3.1513, 2.97524, 2.87715, 2.78229, 2.60185, 2.504, 2.4214, 2.36801, 2.2862, 2.21078, 2.08731, 2.01849, 1.89955, 1.82808, 1.76778, 1.68508, 1.61934, 1.56066, 1.50918, 1.4524, 1.33872, 1.28835, 1.23986, 1.19319, 1.14827, 1.10908, 1.07889, 1.06407, 1.03929, 1.00291, 0.994386, 0.957472, 0.951802, 0.912623, 0.908283, 0.874086, 0.869647, 0.841073, 0.838095, 0.808676, 0.780364, 0.773598, 0.747536, 0.738905, 0.721828, 0.717582, 0.690875, 0.682216, 0.671254, 0.666188, 0.658464, 0.647496, 0.633663, 0.625691, 0.607864, 0.60192, 0.586506, 0.581184, 0.573473, 0.57011, 0.559368, 0.551449, 0.543432, 0.543274, 0.533071, 0.532917, 0.522924, 0.522784, 0.512946, 0.509741, 0.503124, 0.493595, 0.490661, 0.483683, 0.479474, 0.477483, 0.469851, 0.466187, 0.465338, 0.461708, 0.461273, 0.453348, 0.452088, 0.448562, 0.447435, 0.443915, 0.443836, 0.439616, 0.43882, 0.43577, 0.434512, 0.431212, 0.430014, 0.427098, 0.426293, 0.423332, 0.422987, 0.422964, 0.422929, 0.422883, 0.414874, 0.414451, 0.410887, 0.410884, 0.410855, 0.410436, 0.40691, 0.406003, 0.40083, 0.393272, 0.392277, 0.385608, 0.385474, 0.374217, 0.373188, 0.36608, 0.365067, 0.355721, 0.355584, 0.349483, 0.344411, 0.338995, 0.335717, 0.333088, 0.328254, 0.323091, 0.319967, 0.316935, 0.312854, 0.307934, 0.303486, 0.299932, 0.296289, 0.293462, 0.288427, 0.286092, 0.279681, 0.274029, 0.271776, 0.265638, 0.264031, 0.260457, 0.258987, 0.253176, 0.251647, 0.24824, 0.2468, 0.243526, 0.242183, 0.237587, 0.237538, 0.231397, 0.230821, 0.224266, 0.218493, 0.217895, 0.215809, 0.213044, 0.210747, 0.20588, 0.202787, 0.200602, 0.196037, 0.195433, 0.19047, 0.189774, 0.185568, 0.18506, 0.181897, 0.176863, 0.176379, 0.172288, 0.171368, 0.166958, 0.166501, 0.162215, 0.161773, 0.158952, 0.15869, 0.15501, 0.154182, 0.153022, 0.152707, 0.151364, 0.15124, 0.152546, 0.152684, 0.155311, 0.155668, 0.158336, 0.158692, 0.162743, 0.164018, 0.169607, 0.171511, 0.177917, 0.179674, 0.181351, 0.181379, 0.184846, 0.184874, 0.188409, 0.188408, 0.188396, 0.18876, 0.190196, 0.190315, 0.190318, 0.190617, 0.190888, 0.190917, 0.191188, 0.191489, 0.191491, 0.191793, 0.191913, 0.191942, 0.191929, 0.191928, 0.191915, 0.191913, 0.1919, 0.192079, 0.193733, 0.193731, 0.193718, 0.193717, 0.193703, 0.193702, 0.193686, 0.193686, 0.193673, 0.193861, 0.195522, 0.195521, 0.195508, 0.195506 ]) _dP_staggered_Re_25 = np.array([1.79994, 1.76013, 1.72122, 1.65648, 1.61986, 1.58405, 1.51479, 1.47657, 1.44391, 1.4226, 1.38964, 1.3589, 1.30781, 1.2789, 1.22814, 1.19714, 1.17066, 1.13385, 1.10416, 1.07732, 1.05349, 1.02689, 0.972573, 0.948019, 0.924073, 0.900732, 0.877981, 0.857886, 0.842238, 0.834508, 0.821498, 0.802211, 0.797489, 0.771119, 0.767464, 0.742087, 0.738758, 0.71986, 0.717012, 0.693528, 0.691126, 0.673248, 0.655161, 0.650796, 0.633605, 0.627855, 0.611017, 0.606947, 0.589142, 0.581418, 0.572075, 0.564906, 0.555118, 0.548858, 0.542958, 0.537932, 0.523109, 0.517617, 0.503395, 0.500444, 0.493804, 0.488993, 0.479779, 0.472711, 0.470631, 0.4705, 0.461663, 0.461524, 0.45287, 0.452758, 0.444238, 0.442841, 0.439921, 0.431589, 0.431576, 0.423352, 0.4167, 0.415283, 0.415257, 0.412759, 0.412007, 0.408794, 0.408443, 0.405032, 0.404211, 0.400713, 0.399901, 0.39662, 0.396488, 0.389473, 0.388156, 0.385458, 0.384426, 0.381792, 0.380731, 0.377866, 0.377075, 0.377054, 0.377046, 0.374429, 0.36984, 0.369804, 0.366623, 0.366285, 0.36626, 0.366258, 0.363072, 0.362738, 0.359622, 0.35915, 0.352384, 0.349036, 0.348637, 0.345681, 0.345518, 0.336581, 0.335833, 0.330069, 0.329459, 0.320103, 0.320041, 0.316923, 0.313944, 0.310956, 0.305966, 0.302055, 0.299216, 0.296371, 0.292087, 0.287957, 0.285478, 0.282464, 0.277935, 0.274359, 0.271138, 0.268545, 0.263228, 0.261591, 0.256305, 0.250791, 0.248501, 0.244499, 0.2436, 0.239026, 0.236807, 0.231877, 0.230603, 0.225941, 0.22405, 0.222707, 0.222159, 0.217943, 0.217893, 0.21226, 0.211731, 0.206127, 0.20064, 0.200073, 0.197111, 0.194215, 0.192662, 0.188591, 0.185104, 0.182162, 0.178493, 0.178125, 0.174048, 0.173476, 0.170156, 0.169754, 0.16495, 0.160643, 0.160246, 0.156122, 0.155402, 0.152988, 0.15273, 0.148798, 0.148394, 0.144533, 0.144169, 0.139245, 0.138483, 0.137648, 0.137427, 0.136218, 0.136117, 0.137425, 0.137564, 0.138759, 0.139196, 0.142785, 0.143115, 0.145559, 0.14672, 0.151214, 0.152571, 0.157129, 0.160246, 0.163232, 0.163273, 0.168458, 0.168493, 0.172862, 0.173428, 0.177879, 0.178569, 0.181323, 0.18658, 0.18658, 0.186566, 0.186553, 0.186552, 0.186539, 0.186525, 0.186508, 0.184125, 0.183189, 0.182964, 0.182952, 0.18295, 0.182938, 0.182936, 0.182924, 0.182922, 0.18291, 0.182909, 0.184483, 0.184655, 0.184643, 0.184641, 0.182866, 0.182873, 0.18444, 0.184612, 0.184599, 0.184598, 0.184585, 0.184584 ]) _dP_staggered_Re_parameters = np.array([_dP_staggered_Re_125, _dP_staggered_Re_15, _dP_staggered_Re_2, _dP_staggered_Re_25]).T dP_staggered_f = RectBivariateSpline(_dP_staggered_Res, np.array([1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5]), _dP_staggered_Re_parameters, kx=3, ky=3, s=0.002) # Excellent plot, though it does linear extrapolation on some lines #import matplotlib.pyplot as plt #dP_staggered_f_zs = np.array([1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5]) #low, high = min(_dP_staggered_Res), max(_dP_staggered_Res) #xs = np.linspace(low, high, 50000) #for i in range(4): # plt.loglog(_dP_staggered_Res, _dP_staggered_Re_parameters.T[i, :], '.') # plt.loglog(xs, dP_staggered_f(xs, dP_staggered_f_zs[i]), '--') #plt.show() _dP_staggered_correction_parameters = np.array([0.4387, 0.470647, 0.494366, 0.52085, 0.542787, 0.583019, 0.609319, 0.659047, 0.685413, 0.729582, 0.800982, 0.84214, 0.892449, 0.947309, 1.00903, 1.07052, 1.16389, 1.22243, 1.26584, 1.32314, 1.37597, 1.40437, 1.45385, 1.51093, 1.55814, 1.61775, 1.68647, 1.74589, 1.79853, 1.86586, 1.92335, 1.97322, 2.12053, 2.22751, 2.34521, 2.45793, 2.58193, 2.71226, 2.84909, 2.99282, 3.14389, 3.22668, 3.32915, 3.54351 ]) _dP_staggered_correction_Re_100 = np.array([0.996741, 0.996986, 0.997157, 0.997339, 0.997482, 0.997731, 0.997885, 0.998158, 0.998294, 0.998512, 0.998836, 0.999011, 0.999213, 0.99942, 0.99964, 0.999846, 1.00241, 1.02216, 1.0392, 1.06545, 1.08705, 1.0995, 1.1206, 1.14708, 1.16583, 1.18871, 1.21407, 1.23518, 1.25628, 1.27868, 1.29996, 1.31593, 1.36025, 1.39055, 1.42224, 1.45114, 1.48144, 1.51175, 1.54205, 1.57235, 1.60267, 1.62032, 1.64208, 1.68552 ]) _dP_staggered_correction_Re_1000 = np.array([1.03576, 1.02714, 1.02111, 1.01712, 1.01206, 1.00798, 1.00547, 1.001, 0.999839, 0.999378, 0.998689, 0.998319, 0.997891, 0.997451, 0.996985, 0.999249, 1.00245, 1.0135, 1.02415, 1.03618, 1.04682, 1.0534, 1.06478, 1.07524, 1.0836, 1.09539, 1.10811, 1.11825, 1.12833, 1.13858, 1.1481, 1.15678, 1.17941, 1.19487, 1.21106, 1.22398, 1.24068, 1.25657, 1.27109, 1.28706, 1.30317, 1.31111, 1.3196, 1.33956 ]) _dP_staggered_correction_Re_10000 = np.array([1.20211, 1.18293, 1.16951, 1.15527, 1.14308, 1.12148, 1.10821, 1.09069, 1.08213, 1.06633, 1.04824, 1.04041, 1.03015, 1.02269, 1.01509, 1.00905, 1.00302, 1.00302, 1.00304, 1.00623, 1.00905, 1.0103, 1.01246, 1.01508, 1.01696, 1.01926, 1.0225, 1.02674, 1.03074, 1.03432, 1.03618, 1.03931, 1.04813, 1.05451, 1.05855, 1.0674, 1.07355, 1.08006, 1.08719, 1.09572, 1.10324, 1.10854, 1.11428, 1.12663 ]) _dP_staggered_correction_Re_100000 = np.array([1.45829, 1.42587, 1.40486, 1.38291, 1.36389, 1.32864, 1.30754, 1.27136, 1.25327, 1.22447, 1.18203, 1.15678, 1.12845, 1.10251, 1.07182, 1.04763, 1.00824, 0.984925, 0.975402, 0.965711, 0.960152, 0.957646, 0.9534, 0.948334, 0.945015, 0.942714, 0.940164, 0.937857, 0.936683, 0.936683, 0.934823, 0.933668, 0.933668, 0.933668, 0.933668, 0.933668, 0.933668, 0.936683, 0.936683, 0.936683, 0.939698, 0.939698, 0.939698, 0.939698 ]) _dP_staggered_correction_Re_parameters = np.array([_dP_staggered_correction_Re_100, _dP_staggered_correction_Re_1000, _dP_staggered_correction_Re_10000, _dP_staggered_correction_Re_100000]).T dP_staggered_correction = RectBivariateSpline(_dP_staggered_correction_parameters, np.array([1E2, 1E3, 1E4, 1E5]), _dP_staggered_correction_Re_parameters, kx=1, ky=3, s=0.002) # Maybe good plot - bad around the middle #dP_staggered_correction_zs = np.array([1E2, 1E3, 1E4, 1E5]) #low, high = min(_dP_staggered_correction_parameters), max(_dP_staggered_correction_parameters) #xs = np.linspace(low, high, 50000) #for i in range(4): # plt.loglog(_dP_staggered_correction_parameters, _dP_staggered_correction_Re_parameters.T[i, :], '.') # plt.loglog(xs, dP_staggered_correction(xs, dP_staggered_correction_zs[i]), '--') #plt.show() _dP_inline_Res = np.array([28.5094, 30.8092, 32.9727, 35.3563, 41.2101, 45.9365, 49.1622, 52.6143, 56.3102, 59.107, 63.7533, 68.3605, 73.1607, 82.9896, 91.2679, 107.829, 116.528, 124.713, 134.774, 144.237, 157.106, 169.784, 183.484, 202.173, 218.488, 241.163, 278.938, 301.447, 325.772, 352.069, 402.667, 439.431, 479.551, 528.457, 576.706, 600.39, 654.321, 666.665, 722.026, 795.679, 802.401, 883.594, 965.211, 973.774, 1022.26, 1107.38, 1126.59, 1220.48, 1343.51, 1368.32, 1468.16, 1616.19, 1646.72, 1764.04, 1814.79, 1944.21, 1998.93, 2038.12, 2041.06, 2246.18, 2249.48, 2455.2, 2476.81, 2705.84, 2729.59, 2982.07, 3008.17, 3257.9, 3313.34, 3590.4, 3618.29, 3946.71, 4030.55, 4063.47, 4434.98, 4446.05, 4852.32, 4895.14, 5347.3, 5394.74, 5830.48, 5994.16, 6003.24, 6545.85, 6615.94, 7143.99, 7226.2, 7873.1, 8101.49, 8113.39, 8928.33, 8941.23, 9765.31, 9845.06, 10343.9, 10430.3, 11407.3, 11956.6, 12562.5, 13176.9, 13719.7, 14521.4, 15236.6, 16651, 17465.4, 18505, 20393.2, 20419.3, 22474.5, 22503.3, 24559, 25546.2, 27064.9, 29789.7, 30724.6, 32829.2, 34810.9, 36179.8, 38362.8, 39871.4, 40721.2, 41061.4, 44854.2, 45239.5, 48975.7, 49855.5, 53971.7, 54426.4, 59979.7, 60058.1, 66101.3, 66184.5, 72230.6, 72907, 81043.8, 81128.8, 89317.2, 89406.8, 97574.2, 98430.6, 103433, 104341, 112924, 114990, 123239, 126726, 135811, 139659, 149668, 153913, 163348, 169621, 180015, 186933, 206011, 206189, 227042, 227233, 247788, 250418, 273078, 275976, 300948, 304142, 331663, 335183, 365513, 369392, 406751, 407092, 448264, 448640, 494013, 494428, 544433, 544890, 605857, 606365, 667691, 668251, 735835, 736453, 803766, 810935, 877478, 893699, 967033, 984910, 1044050, 1044920, 1150600, 1151570, 1268030, 1269100, 1397450, 1398620, 1540070, 1541370, 1697250, 1698680, 1854500, 1871040 ]) _dP_inline_Re_125 = np.array([5.93109, 5.54354, 5.22463, 4.91025, 4.2207, 3.80075, 3.54753, 3.31117, 3.12106, 2.97108, 2.75394, 2.58829, 2.41584, 2.14646, 1.9677, 1.6944, 1.58146, 1.49066, 1.3913, 1.29861, 1.20507, 1.12508, 1.05285, 0.971815, 0.909568, 0.833438, 0.747763, 0.704808, 0.66432, 0.632336, 0.581074, 0.549915, 0.52122, 0.493379, 0.470594, 0.461052, 0.443442, 0.440821, 0.430173, 0.421676, 0.421664, 0.422183, 0.429662, 0.431075, 0.438954, 0.446788, 0.449097, 0.46, 0.468865, 0.471657, 0.482859, 0.492167, 0.493224, 0.496938, 0.499697, 0.506586, 0.50325, 0.502485, 0.502646, 0.512335, 0.512408, 0.516812, 0.517255, 0.52129, 0.521276, 0.521127, 0.521113, 0.520979, 0.520951, 0.520816, 0.520351, 0.51557, 0.515536, 0.515148, 0.51047, 0.510337, 0.505209, 0.504298, 0.49523, 0.493744, 0.480865, 0.480679, 0.480676, 0.476399, 0.47587, 0.467664, 0.466446, 0.453034, 0.456863, 0.457087, 0.448375, 0.448242, 0.439335, 0.438121, 0.430813, 0.430369, 0.426369, 0.421825, 0.417567, 0.415493, 0.413748, 0.40895, 0.404931, 0.397616, 0.393735, 0.389087, 0.3814, 0.3813, 0.373863, 0.373765, 0.366718, 0.36344, 0.361258, 0.355173, 0.352681, 0.347915, 0.343752, 0.341039, 0.33675, 0.333804, 0.332203, 0.331636, 0.325673, 0.325338, 0.322369, 0.321193, 0.316002, 0.315506, 0.309826, 0.30975, 0.303711, 0.303632, 0.297644, 0.297168, 0.291819, 0.291767, 0.288848, 0.288818, 0.283136, 0.281514, 0.272212, 0.272406, 0.274764, 0.273631, 0.269345, 0.267807, 0.264025, 0.263257, 0.261364, 0.26134, 0.26129, 0.260266, 0.258656, 0.257969, 0.256205, 0.25619, 0.255938, 0.255937, 0.253893, 0.253614, 0.253287, 0.253278, 0.253208, 0.253199, 0.251176, 0.2509, 0.250577, 0.250568, 0.250491, 0.25049, 0.250412, 0.250412, 0.250334, 0.250333, 0.250256, 0.250255, 0.25017, 0.250169, 0.250092, 0.250091, 0.250013, 0.250013, 0.249942, 0.250177, 0.252337, 0.252322, 0.252258, 0.252244, 0.252196, 0.252196, 0.252117, 0.252117, 0.252039, 0.252038, 0.25196, 0.251959, 0.251881, 0.25188, 0.251802, 0.251802, 0.254214, 0.25446 ]) _dP_inline_Re_15 = np.array([2.51237, 2.49499, 2.32876, 2.1908, 1.87501, 1.68786, 1.5828, 1.484, 1.38705, 1.31326, 1.23965, 1.16623, 1.08879, 0.973353, 0.88678, 0.773105, 0.72388, 0.681815, 0.636838, 0.600558, 0.55801, 0.525955, 0.495741, 0.458149, 0.43183, 0.403164, 0.367208, 0.350209, 0.334532, 0.32017, 0.299699, 0.288076, 0.276903, 0.268782, 0.258357, 0.25326, 0.250756, 0.249796, 0.245772, 0.243513, 0.243318, 0.245622, 0.252914, 0.25366, 0.257801, 0.264766, 0.266548, 0.276173, 0.284237, 0.286562, 0.295607, 0.301306, 0.303191, 0.310225, 0.312873, 0.319399, 0.321166, 0.322408, 0.3225, 0.328697, 0.328793, 0.335219, 0.335506, 0.338421, 0.33871, 0.341653, 0.341978, 0.344926, 0.344907, 0.344818, 0.344809, 0.344713, 0.34469, 0.344681, 0.344584, 0.344549, 0.341421, 0.341109, 0.341012, 0.341002, 0.331021, 0.337212, 0.337554, 0.33746, 0.337449, 0.334469, 0.334034, 0.33154, 0.330712, 0.33067, 0.327386, 0.327336, 0.324341, 0.324066, 0.320821, 0.320812, 0.320676, 0.317593, 0.314385, 0.312656, 0.311204, 0.309367, 0.30782, 0.304983, 0.303469, 0.301435, 0.296008, 0.295937, 0.295845, 0.295844, 0.29001, 0.28882, 0.287086, 0.284229, 0.28322, 0.280847, 0.277486, 0.275535, 0.273856, 0.272992, 0.272948, 0.272482, 0.267582, 0.267318, 0.264881, 0.264389, 0.262202, 0.261791, 0.257077, 0.257024, 0.254467, 0.254434, 0.252125, 0.25188, 0.246946, 0.246897, 0.244434, 0.244409, 0.239588, 0.239582, 0.239543, 0.239114, 0.235263, 0.234574, 0.232704, 0.232439, 0.232387, 0.231931, 0.230263, 0.230024, 0.22998, 0.229521, 0.228102, 0.227634, 0.227563, 0.227562, 0.227491, 0.227491, 0.225446, 0.225198, 0.225135, 0.225127, 0.225065, 0.225057, 0.224994, 0.224987, 0.224924, 0.224916, 0.224846, 0.224846, 0.224776, 0.224776, 0.224706, 0.224705, 0.224636, 0.224635, 0.224558, 0.224558, 0.224488, 0.224488, 0.224418, 0.224417, 0.224354, 0.224348, 0.224291, 0.224278, 0.224221, 0.224208, 0.224166, 0.224165, 0.224095, 0.224095, 0.224025, 0.224025, 0.223955, 0.223955, 0.223885, 0.223885, 0.223815, 0.223815, 0.223752, 0.223745 ]) _dP_inline_Re_2 = np.array([0.225144, 0.225088, 0.225039, 0.224988, 0.224877, 0.224799, 0.22475, 0.224701, 0.224652, 0.224617, 0.224562, 0.224511, 0.224462, 0.224371, 0.224303, 0.224182, 0.224127, 0.224078, 0.224022, 0.223973, 0.223911, 0.223855, 0.223799, 0.22373, 0.223674, 0.223603, 0.223498, 0.223442, 0.223386, 0.223331, 0.223234, 0.223171, 0.223109, 0.223039, 0.222976, 0.222947, 0.222886, 0.222872, 0.222815, 0.222745, 0.222739, 0.22267, 0.222607, 0.222601, 0.222566, 0.222509, 0.222496, 0.222439, 0.22237, 0.222357, 0.222307, 0.222238, 0.222225, 0.222176, 0.222155, 0.222106, 0.222086, 0.222072, 0.222091, 0.224181, 0.224192, 0.224129, 0.224123, 0.224059, 0.224053, 0.223989, 0.223983, 0.225938, 0.226122, 0.226064, 0.226058, 0.225995, 0.22598, 0.225974, 0.22591, 0.225909, 0.225845, 0.225839, 0.225774, 0.225768, 0.225712, 0.225692, 0.225715, 0.227854, 0.227574, 0.225564, 0.225556, 0.225494, 0.225473, 0.225472, 0.225402, 0.225401, 0.225337, 0.225331, 0.224173, 0.223979, 0.221897, 0.220812, 0.220777, 0.220743, 0.219816, 0.218518, 0.217425, 0.215326, 0.214141, 0.212854, 0.209889, 0.209854, 0.207766, 0.207721, 0.204025, 0.20238, 0.199994, 0.196092, 0.194852, 0.192218, 0.189918, 0.189156, 0.188004, 0.185898, 0.184756, 0.184308, 0.182455, 0.18245, 0.182403, 0.182219, 0.180718, 0.18056, 0.17874, 0.178739, 0.178684, 0.178683, 0.178633, 0.178614, 0.176826, 0.176836, 0.178506, 0.17851, 0.17846, 0.178455, 0.178427, 0.178422, 0.178376, 0.178366, 0.178326, 0.17831, 0.17827, 0.178254, 0.178215, 0.178199, 0.179233, 0.179895, 0.179866, 0.179844, 0.179788, 0.179788, 0.179732, 0.179731, 0.179681, 0.179675, 0.179625, 0.179619, 0.179569, 0.179563, 0.179513, 0.179507, 0.179457, 0.179451, 0.179395, 0.179395, 0.179339, 0.179339, 0.179283, 0.179282, 0.179227, 0.179226, 0.179165, 0.179165, 0.179109, 0.179109, 0.179053, 0.179053, 0.179002, 0.178997, 0.178952, 0.178941, 0.178896, 0.178885, 0.178852, 0.178851, 0.178796, 0.178795, 0.17874, 0.178739, 0.178684, 0.178684, 0.178628, 0.178628, 0.178572, 0.178572, 0.178521, 0.178516 ]) _dP_inline_Re_25 = np.array([0.349884, 0.344353, 0.339587, 0.334753, 0.324384, 0.31723, 0.31284, 0.308509, 0.304238, 0.301224, 0.296579, 0.292359, 0.288312, 0.280944, 0.275511, 0.266235, 0.262027, 0.258398, 0.254314, 0.250794, 0.24643, 0.242534, 0.238699, 0.233991, 0.230291, 0.225667, 0.219023, 0.21556, 0.212151, 0.208795, 0.203116, 0.199504, 0.195956, 0.192086, 0.18867, 0.187117, 0.18384, 0.183136, 0.179837, 0.176255, 0.175964, 0.174204, 0.174155, 0.17415, 0.174122, 0.174078, 0.174068, 0.175436, 0.175686, 0.175676, 0.175636, 0.175582, 0.175571, 0.175532, 0.175516, 0.176657, 0.177193, 0.175451, 0.175475, 0.177126, 0.177125, 0.177076, 0.177071, 0.17702, 0.177015, 0.176965, 0.17696, 0.176915, 0.176905, 0.176859, 0.176855, 0.176805, 0.176793, 0.176789, 0.178483, 0.178481, 0.178431, 0.178426, 0.178375, 0.17837, 0.178326, 0.17831, 0.178309, 0.178259, 0.178253, 0.178209, 0.178203, 0.178154, 0.178137, 0.178136, 0.178082, 0.178081, 0.17803, 0.178026, 0.177997, 0.177992, 0.177941, 0.177208, 0.176296, 0.175343, 0.174528, 0.175213, 0.176039, 0.175988, 0.175263, 0.17421, 0.172454, 0.172453, 0.1724, 0.172399, 0.17235, 0.171731, 0.170592, 0.168894, 0.168351, 0.167192, 0.16716, 0.167139, 0.166121, 0.165455, 0.165443, 0.165435, 0.163918, 0.163771, 0.162422, 0.162121, 0.160642, 0.1605, 0.16361, 0.163528, 0.158824, 0.158823, 0.158779, 0.158774, 0.15872, 0.158736, 0.160236, 0.160219, 0.158765, 0.15862, 0.158595, 0.158591, 0.15855, 0.158541, 0.158506, 0.158492, 0.158456, 0.158442, 0.158407, 0.158392, 0.158362, 0.158343, 0.158313, 0.158293, 0.158244, 0.158257, 0.159755, 0.15974, 0.15815, 0.158145, 0.158101, 0.158095, 0.158051, 0.158046, 0.158002, 0.157996, 0.157952, 0.157947, 0.157898, 0.157898, 0.157849, 0.157848, 0.157799, 0.157799, 0.15775, 0.15775, 0.157696, 0.157695, 0.157646, 0.157646, 0.157597, 0.157597, 0.157552, 0.157548, 0.157508, 0.157499, 0.157459, 0.157449, 0.15742, 0.157419, 0.157371, 0.15737, 0.157321, 0.157321, 0.157272, 0.157272, 0.157223, 0.157223, 0.157174, 0.157173, 0.157129, 0.157125 ]) _dP_inline_Re_parameters = np.array([_dP_inline_Re_125, _dP_inline_Re_15, _dP_inline_Re_2, _dP_inline_Re_25]).T dP_inline_f = RectBivariateSpline(_dP_inline_Res, np.array([1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5]), _dP_inline_Re_parameters, kx = 3, ky = 3, s = 0.002) _dP_inline_correction_parameters = np.array([0.0661637, 0.0767956, 0.0811521, 0.091014, 0.0965946, 0.102863, 0.114663, 0.117455, 0.132109, 0.135196, 0.152089, 0.168558, 0.19133, 0.192037, 0.21534, 0.217736, 0.244667, 0.247747, 0.324839, 0.392087, 0.446129, 2.2286, 2.3885, 2.63783, 2.92864, 3.00382, 4.05259, 4.2551, 4.54434, 4.84314, 5.09577, 5.59171, 5.71411 ]) _dP_inline_correction_Re_1000 = np.array([7.53832, 6.86113, 6.54006, 6.09616, 5.93568, 5.34629, 5.0612, 4.9696, 4.55428, 4.48266, 4.13474, 3.85306, 3.53216, 3.52323, 3.22988, 3.19898, 2.89667, 2.86799, 2.31194, 1.99054, 1.798, 0.557156, 0.529536, 0.491093, 0.453615, 0.444813, 0.351914, 0.339127, 0.322613, 0.30739, 0.295752, 0.27562, 0.271127 ]) _dP_inline_correction_Re_10000 = np.array([6.19059, 5.63447, 5.44146, 5.0612, 4.86597, 4.66786, 4.34453, 4.27598, 3.95623, 3.88747, 3.57369, 3.37337, 3.09718, 3.08911, 2.83271, 2.81518, 2.63689, 2.61495, 2.18225, 1.92462, 1.76564, 0.603218, 0.575945, 0.534133, 0.499018, 0.491093, 0.401321, 0.388344, 0.370649, 0.353159, 0.339788, 0.316659, 0.311496 ]) _dP_inline_correction_Re_100000 = np.array([4.50727, 4.13004, 3.99851, 3.73838, 3.61014, 3.47942, 3.31256, 3.27702, 3.10877, 3.0728, 2.87638, 2.71515, 2.52473, 2.52055, 2.39441, 2.38256, 2.23167, 2.21606, 1.89994, 1.70733, 1.58802, 0.668818, 0.644362, 0.610869, 0.577472, 0.569658, 0.484948, 0.4719, 0.454805, 0.438843, 0.426501, 0.404846, 0.399958 ]) _dP_inline_correction_Re_1000000 = np.array([3.14214, 2.9391, 2.8673, 2.72361, 2.64416, 2.56157, 2.46985, 2.45024, 2.36473, 2.34829, 2.22756, 2.1327, 2.02212, 2.01899, 1.92414, 1.91509, 1.81755, 1.80738, 1.63471, 1.50647, 1.43004, 0.74756, 0.730366, 0.704554, 0.675458, 0.668194, 0.588052, 0.575945, 0.563366, 0.551447, 0.540255, 0.520396, 0.515871 ]) _dP_inline_correction_zs = np.array([1E3, 1E4, 1E5, 1E6]) _dP_inline_correction_Re_parameters = np.array([_dP_inline_correction_Re_1000, _dP_inline_correction_Re_10000, _dP_inline_correction_Re_100000, _dP_inline_correction_Re_1000000]).T dP_inline_correction = RectBivariateSpline(_dP_inline_correction_parameters, _dP_inline_correction_zs, _dP_inline_correction_Re_parameters, kx=1, ky=3, s=0.002) # s=0.002 # RectBivariateSpline does a terrible job #import matplotlib.pyplot as plt #low, high = min(_dP_inline_correction_parameters), max(_dP_inline_correction_parameters) #xs = np.logspace(np.log10(low), np.log10(high), 300000) #for i in range(4): # plt.loglog(_dP_inline_correction_parameters, _dP_inline_correction_Re_parameters.T[i, :], '.') # plt.loglog(xs, dP_inline_correction(xs, _dP_inline_correction_zs[i]), '--') #plt.show()
[docs]def dP_Zukauskas(Re, n, ST, SL, D, rho, Vmax): r'''Calculates pressure drop for crossflow across a tube bank of tube number n at a specified Re. Method presented in [1]_. Also presented in [2]_. .. math:: \Delta P = N_L \chi \left(\frac{\rho V_{max}^2}{2}\right)f Parameters ---------- Re : float Reynolds number, [-] n : float Number of tube rows, [-] ST : float Transverse pitch, used only by some conditions, [m] SL : float Longitudal pitch, used only by some conditions, [m] D : float Tube outer diameter, [m] rho : float Fluid density, [kg/m^3] Vmax : float Maximum velocity, [m/s] Returns ------- dP : float Pressure drop, [Pa] Notes ----- Does not account for effects in a heat exchanger. Example 2 is from [2]_. Matches to 0.3%; figures are very approximate. Interpolation used with 4 graphs to obtain friction factor and a correction factor. Examples -------- >>> dP_Zukauskas(Re=13943., n=7, ST=0.0313, SL=0.0343, D=0.0164, rho=1.217, Vmax=12.6) 235.22916169 >>> dP_Zukauskas(Re=13943., n=7, ST=0.0313, SL=0.0313, D=0.0164, rho=1.217, Vmax=12.6) 217.0750033 References ---------- .. [1] Zukauskas, A. Heat transfer from tubes in crossflow. In T.F. Irvine, Jr. and J. P. Hartnett, editors, Advances in Heat Transfer, volume 8, pages 93-160. Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1972. .. [2] Bergman, Theodore L., Adrienne S. Lavine, Frank P. Incropera, and David P. DeWitt. Introduction to Heat Transfer. 6E. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011. ''' if not _Zukauskas_correlations_loaded: load_Zukauskas_correlations() a = ST/D b = SL/D if a == b: parameter = (a-1.)/(b-1.) f = float(dP_inline_f(Re, b)) x = float(dP_inline_correction(parameter, Re)) else: parameter = a/b f = float(dP_staggered_f(Re, a)) x = float(dP_staggered_correction(parameter, Re)) return n*x*f*rho/2*Vmax**2
"""Note: the smoothing factor was tunned to keep only 7 knots/9 coeffs while getting near to requiring more knots. The fitting for a digitized graph is likely to be at the maximum possible accuracy. Any speed increasing fit function should fit the smoothed function, not the raw data. """ Bell_baffle_configuration_tck = implementation_optimize_tck([[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.517361, 0.802083, 0.866319, 0.934028, 0.977431, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0], [0.5328447885827443, 0.6821475548927218, 0.9074424740361304, 1.0828783604984582, 1.1485665329698214, 1.1612486065399008, 1.1216591944456349, 1.0762015137576528, 1.0314244120288227, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0], 3], force_numpy=IS_NUMBA) Bell_baffle_configuration_obj = lambda x : float(splev(x, Bell_baffle_configuration_tck)) """Derived with: fit = Chebfun.from_function(lambda x: Bell_baffle_configuration_obj(0.5*(x+1)), domain=[-1,1], N=8) cheb2poly(fit.coefficients())[::-1].tolist() xs = np.linspace(0, 1, 3000) f = Bell_baffle_configuration_obj print(max([(f(i)-fit(i*2-1))/f(i) for i in xs]), 'MAX ERR') print(np.mean([abs(f(i)-fit(i*2-1))/f(i) for i in xs]), 'MEAN ERR') """ Bell_baffle_configuration_coeffs = [-17.267087530974095, -17.341072676377735, 60.38380262590988, 60.78202803861199, -83.86556326987701, -84.74024411236306, 58.66461844872558, 59.56146082596216, -21.786957547130935, -22.229378707598116, 4.1167302227508, 4.226246012504343, -0.3349723004600481, -0.3685826653263089, -0.0629839069257099, 0.35883309630976157, 0.9345478582873352]
[docs]def baffle_correction_Bell(crossflow_tube_fraction, method='spline'): r'''Calculate the baffle correction factor `Jc` which accounts for the fact that all tubes are not in crossflow to the fluid - some have fluid flowing parallel to them because they are situated in the "window", where the baffle is cut, instead of between the tips of adjacent baffles. Equal to 1 for no tubes in the window, increases to 1.15 when the windows are small and velocity there is high; decreases to about 0.52 for very large baffle cuts. Well designed exchangers should typically have a value near 1.0. Cubic spline interpolation is the default method of retrieving a value from the graph, which was digitized with Engauge-Digitizer. The interpolation can be slightly slow, so a Chebyshev polynomial was fit to a maximum error of 0.142%, average error 0.04% - well within the margin of error of the digitization of the graph; this is approximately 10 times faster, accessible via the 'chebyshev' method. The Heat Exchanger Design Handbook [4]_, [5]_ provides the linear curve fit, which covers the "practical" range of baffle cuts 15-45% but not the last dip in the graph. This method is not recommended, but can be used via the method "HEDH". .. math:: J_c = 0.55 + 0.72Fc Parameters ---------- crossflow_tube_fraction : float Fraction of tubes which are between baffle tips and not in the window, [-] method : str, optional One of 'chebyshev', 'spline', or 'HEDH' Returns ------- Jc : float Baffle correction factor in the Bell-Delaware method, [-] Notes ----- max: ~1.1536 at ~0.9066 min: ~0.5328 at 0 value at 1: ~1.0314 For the 'spline' method, this function takes ~13 us per call. The other two methods are approximately 10x faster. Examples -------- For a HX with four groups of tube bundles; the top and bottom being 9 tubes each, in the window, and the two middle bundles having 41 tubes each, for a total of 100 tubes, the fraction between baffle tubes and not in the window is 0.82. The correction factor is then: >>> baffle_correction_Bell(0.82) 1.1258554691854046 References ---------- .. [1] Bell, Kenneth J. Final Report of the Cooperative Research Program on Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers. University of Delaware, Engineering Experimental Station, 1963. .. [2] Bell, Kenneth J. Delaware Method for Shell-Side Design. In Heat Transfer Equipment Design, by Shah, R. K., Eleswarapu Chinna Subbarao, and R. A. Mashelkar. CRC Press, 1988. .. [3] Green, Don, and Robert Perry. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2007. .. [4] Schlünder, Ernst U, and International Center for Heat and Mass Transfer. Heat Exchanger Design Handbook. Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1987. .. [5] Serth, R. W., Process Heat Transfer: Principles, Applications and Rules of Thumb. 2E. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2014. ''' if method == 'spline': Jc = Bell_baffle_configuration_obj(crossflow_tube_fraction) elif method == 'chebyshev': return horner(Bell_baffle_configuration_coeffs, 2.0*crossflow_tube_fraction - 1.0) elif method == 'HEDH': Jc = 0.55 + 0.72*crossflow_tube_fraction return Jc
"""Note: The smoothing factor was hand tuned to not overfit from points which were clearly wrong in the digitization. It will predict values above 1 however for some values; this must be checked! """ Bell_baffle_leakage_x_max = 0.743614 Bell_baffle_leakage_tck = implementation_optimize_tck([[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0213694, 0.0552542, 0.144818, 0.347109, 0.743614, 0.743614, 0.743614, 0.743614], [0.0, 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.0], [1.0001228445490002, 0.9988161050974387, 0.9987070557919563, 0.9979385859402731, 0.9970983069823832, 0.96602540121758, 0.955136014969614, 0.9476842472211648, 0.9351143114374392, 0.9059649602818451, 0.9218915266550902, 0.9086000082864022, 0.8934758292610783, 0.8737960765592091, 0.83185251064324, 0.8664296734965998, 0.8349705397843921, 0.809133298969704, 0.7752206120745123, 0.7344035693011536, 0.817047920445813, 0.7694560150930563, 0.7250979336267909, 0.6766754605968431, 0.629304180420512, 0.7137237030611423, 0.6408238328161417, 0.5772000233279148, 0.504889627280836, 0.440579886434288, 0.6239736474980684, 0.5273646894226224, 0.43995388722059986, 0.34359277007615313, 0.26986439252143746, 0.5640689738382749, 0.4540959882735219, 0.35278120580740957, 0.24364672351604122, 0.1606942128340308], 3, 1], force_numpy=IS_NUMBA) Bell_baffle_leakage_obj = lambda x, z : float(bisplev(x, z, Bell_baffle_leakage_tck))
[docs]def baffle_leakage_Bell(Ssb, Stb, Sm, method='spline'): r'''Calculate the baffle leakage factor `Jl` which accounts for leakage between each baffle. Cubic spline interpolation is the default method of retrieving a value from the graph, which was digitized with Engauge-Digitizer. The Heat Exchanger Design Handbook [4]_, [5]_ provides a curve fit as well. This method is not recommended, but can be used via the method "HEDH". .. math:: J_L = 0.44(1-r_s) + [1 - 0.44(1-r_s)]\exp(-2.2r_{lm}) .. math:: r_s = \frac{S_{sb}}{S_{sb} + S_{tb}} .. math:: r_{lm} = \frac{S_{sb} + S_{tb}}{S_m} Parameters ---------- Ssb : float Shell to baffle leakage area, [m^2] Stb : float Total baffle leakage area, [m^2] Sm : float Crossflow area, [m^2] method : str, optional One of 'spline', or 'HEDH' Returns ------- Jl : float Baffle leakage factor in the Bell-Delaware method, [-] Notes ----- Takes ~5 us per call. If the `x` parameter is larger than 0.743614, it is clipped to it. The HEDH curve fits are rather poor and only 6x faster to evaluate. The HEDH example in [6]_'s spreadsheet has an error and uses 0.044 instead of 0.44 in the equation. Examples -------- >>> baffle_leakage_Bell(1, 3, 8) 0.5906621282470 >>> baffle_leakage_Bell(1, 3, 8, 'HEDH') 0.5530236260777 References ---------- .. [1] Bell, Kenneth J. Final Report of the Cooperative Research Program on Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers. University of Delaware, Engineering Experimental Station, 1963. .. [2] Bell, Kenneth J. Delaware Method for Shell-Side Design. In Heat Transfer Equipment Design, by Shah, R. K., Eleswarapu Chinna Subbarao, and R. A. Mashelkar. CRC Press, 1988. .. [3] Green, Don, and Robert Perry. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2007. .. [4] Schlünder, Ernst U, and International Center for Heat and Mass Transfer. Heat Exchanger Design Handbook. Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1987. .. [5] Serth, R. W., Process Heat Transfer: Principles, Applications and Rules of Thumb. 2E. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2014. .. [6] Hall, Stephen. Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, Fifth Edition. 5th edition. Oxford ; Waltham , MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2012. ''' x = (Ssb + Stb)/Sm if x > Bell_baffle_leakage_x_max: x = Bell_baffle_leakage_x_max z = Ssb/(Ssb + Stb) if z > 1.0 or z < 0.0: raise ValueError('Ssb/(Ssb + Stb) must be between 0 and 1') if method == 'spline': Jl = Bell_baffle_leakage_obj(x, z) Jl = min(float(Jl), 1.0) elif method == 'HEDH': # Hemisphere uses 0.44 as coefficient, rules of thumb uses 0.044 in spreadsheet Jl = 0.44*(1.0 - z) + (1.0 - 0.44*(1.0 - z))*exp(-2.2*x) return Jl
Bell_bundle_bypass_x_max = 0.69532 Bell_bundle_bypass_high_spl = implementation_optimize_tck([[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.434967, 0.69532, 0.69532, 0.69532, 0.69532], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.1, 0.16666666666666666, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5], [0.9992518012440722, 0.9989007625058475, 1.0018411070735471, 0.9941457497302127, 1.0054152224744488, 1.0000002120327414, 0.8193710201718651, 0.8906557463728106, 0.9236476444228989, 0.9466472125718047, 1.002564972451326, 1.0000001328221189, 0.6099796629837915, 0.7779198818216049, 0.8128716798013131, 0.935864247770527, 0.932707600057425, 0.9999978349038892, 0.46653330555544065, 0.6543895994806808, 0.7244471950409509, 0.8599376452211228, 0.9622021460141503, 0.9999989177211911, 0.42206076955873406, 0.6230810793228677, 0.6903177740858685, 0.8544752061829647, 0.9373953303873518, 0.9999983130568033], 3, 3], force_numpy=IS_NUMBA) Bell_bundle_bypass_high_obj = lambda x, y: float(bisplev(x, y, Bell_bundle_bypass_high_spl)) Bell_bundle_bypass_low_spl = implementation_optimize_tck([[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.434967, 0.69532, 0.69532, 0.69532, 0.69532], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.1, 0.16666666666666666, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5], [1.0015970586968514, 0.9976793473578099, 1.0037098839305505, 0.9953304170745584, 1.0031587186511541, 1.00000028406872, 0.8027498596582175, 0.9050562101782131, 0.9133675590990569, 0.9611563766991582, 0.9879481797594364, 0.9999988983171519, 0.5813496854191834, 0.7520908533825839, 0.7927234268976187, 0.9090698658126287, 0.9857133220039945, 0.9999986096716597, 0.43493461007512263, 0.6478801160783917, 0.6961255921403956, 0.861432071791341, 0.9243020549338703, 0.999997894037133, 0.39110224578093694, 0.606829928454368, 0.6600680810505178, 0.8482579667665061, 0.9223728343461776, 0.9999978298360785], 3, 3], force_numpy=IS_NUMBA) Bell_bundle_bypass_low_obj = lambda x, y : float(bisplev(x, y, Bell_bundle_bypass_low_spl))
[docs]def bundle_bypassing_Bell(bypass_area_fraction, seal_strips, crossflow_rows, laminar=False, method='spline'): r'''Calculate the bundle bypassing effect `Jb` according to the Bell-Delaware method for heat exchanger design. Cubic spline interpolation is the default method of retrieving a value from the graph, which was digitized with Engauge-Digitizer. The Heat Exchanger Design Handbook [4]_ provides a curve fit as well. This method is not recommended, but can be used via the method "HEDH": .. math:: J_b = \exp\left[-1.25 F_{sbp} (1 - {2r_{ss}}^{1/3} )\right] For laminar flows, replace 1.25 with 1.35. Parameters ---------- bypass_area_fraction : float Fraction of the crossflow area which is not blocked by a baffle or anything else and available for bypassing, [-] seal_strips : int Number of seal strips per side of a baffle added to prevent bypassing, [-] crossflow_rows : int The number of tube rows in the crosslfow of the baffle, [-] laminar : bool Whether to use the turbulent correction values or the laminar ones; the Bell-Delaware method uses a Re criteria of 100 for this, [-] method : str, optional One of 'spline', or 'HEDH' Returns ------- Jb : float Bundle bypassing effect correction factor in the Bell-Delaware method, [-] Notes ----- Takes ~5 us per call. If the `bypass_area_fraction` parameter is larger than 0.695, it is clipped to it. Examples -------- >>> bundle_bypassing_Bell(0.5, 5, 25) 0.8469611760884599 >>> bundle_bypassing_Bell(0.5, 5, 25, method='HEDH') 0.8483210970579099 References ---------- .. [1] Bell, Kenneth J. Final Report of the Cooperative Research Program on Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers. University of Delaware, Engineering Experimental Station, 1963. .. [2] Bell, Kenneth J. Delaware Method for Shell-Side Design. In Heat Transfer Equipment Design, by Shah, R. K., Eleswarapu Chinna Subbarao, and R. A. Mashelkar. CRC Press, 1988. .. [3] Green, Don, and Robert Perry. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2007. .. [4] Schlünder, Ernst U, and International Center for Heat and Mass Transfer. Heat Exchanger Design Handbook. Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1987. ''' z = seal_strips/crossflow_rows x = bypass_area_fraction if method == 'spline': if x > Bell_bundle_bypass_x_max: x = Bell_bundle_bypass_x_max if laminar: Jb = Bell_bundle_bypass_low_obj(x, z) else: Jb = Bell_bundle_bypass_high_obj(x, z) Jb = min(Jb, 1.0) elif method == 'HEDH': c = 1.35 if laminar else 1.25 Jb = exp(-c*x*(1.0 - (2.0*z)**(1/3.))) return Jb
[docs]def unequal_baffle_spacing_Bell(baffles, baffle_spacing, baffle_spacing_in=None, baffle_spacing_out=None, laminar=False): r'''Calculate the correction factor for unequal baffle spacing `Js`, which accounts for higher velocity of fluid flow and greater heat transfer coefficients when the in and/or out baffle spacing is less than the standard spacing. .. math:: J_s = \frac{(n_b - 1) + (B_{in}/B)^{(1-n_b)} + (B_{out}/B)^{(1-n_b)}} {(n_b - 1) + (B_{in}/B) + (B_{out}/B)} Parameters ---------- baffles : int Number of baffles, [-] baffle_spacing : float Average spacing between one end of one baffle to the start of the next baffle for non-exit baffles, [m] baffle_spacing_in : float, optional Spacing between entrace to first baffle, [m] baffle_spacing_out : float, optional Spacing between last baffle and exit, [m] laminar : bool, optional Whether to use the turbulent exponent or the laminar one; the Bell-Delaware method uses a Re criteria of 100 for this, [-] Returns ------- Js : float Unequal baffle spacing correction factor, [-] Notes ----- Examples -------- >>> unequal_baffle_spacing_Bell(16, .1, .15, 0.15) 0.9640087802805195 References ---------- .. [1] Bell, Kenneth J. Final Report of the Cooperative Research Program on Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers. University of Delaware, Engineering Experimental Station, 1963. .. [2] Bell, Kenneth J. Delaware Method for Shell-Side Design. In Heat Transfer Equipment Design, by Shah, R. K., Eleswarapu Chinna Subbarao, and R. A. Mashelkar. CRC Press, 1988. .. [3] Schlünder, Ernst U, and International Center for Heat and Mass Transfer. Heat Exchanger Design Handbook. Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1987. .. [4] Serth, R. W., Process Heat Transfer: Principles, Applications and Rules of Thumb. 2E. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2014. .. [5] Hall, Stephen. Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, Fifth Edition. 5th edition. Oxford ; Waltham , MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2012. ''' if baffle_spacing_in is None: baffle_spacing_in = baffle_spacing if baffle_spacing_out is None: baffle_spacing_out = baffle_spacing n = 1.0/3.0 if laminar else 0.6 Js = ((baffles - 1.0) + (baffle_spacing_in/baffle_spacing)**(1.0 - n) + (baffle_spacing_out/baffle_spacing)**(1.0 - n))/((baffles - 1.0) + (baffle_spacing_in/baffle_spacing) + (baffle_spacing_out/baffle_spacing)) return Js
[docs]def laminar_correction_Bell(Re, total_row_passes): r'''Calculate the correction factor for adverse temperature gradient built up in laminar flow `Jr`. This correction begins at Re = 100, and is interpolated between the value of the formula until Re = 20, when it is the value of the formula. It is 1 for Re >= 100. The value of the formula is not allowed to be less than 0.4. .. math:: Jr^* = \left(\frac{10}{N_{row,passes,tot}}\right)^{0.18} Parameters ---------- Re : float Shell Reynolds number in the Bell-Delaware method, [-] total_row_passes : int The total number of rows passed by the fluid, including those in windows and counting repeat passes of tube rows, [-] Returns ------- Jr : float Correction factor for adverse temperature gradient built up in laminar flow, [-] Notes ----- [5]_ incorrectly uses the number of tube rows per crosslfow section, not total. Examples -------- >>> laminar_correction_Bell(30, 80) 0.7267995454361379 References ---------- .. [1] Bell, Kenneth J. Final Report of the Cooperative Research Program on Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers. University of Delaware, Engineering Experimental Station, 1963. .. [2] Bell, Kenneth J. Delaware Method for Shell-Side Design. In Heat Transfer Equipment Design, by Shah, R. K., Eleswarapu Chinna Subbarao, and R. A. Mashelkar. CRC Press, 1988. .. [3] Schlünder, Ernst U, and International Center for Heat and Mass Transfer. Heat Exchanger Design Handbook. Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1987. .. [4] Serth, R. W., Process Heat Transfer: Principles, Applications and Rules of Thumb. 2E. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2014. .. [5] Hall, Stephen. Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, Fifth Edition. 5th edition. Oxford ; Waltham , MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2012. ''' if Re > 100.0: return 1.0 Jrr = (10.0/total_row_passes)**0.18 if Re < 20.0: Jr = Jrr else: Jr = Jrr + ((20.0-Re)/80.0)*(Jrr - 1.0) if Jr < 0.4: Jr = 0.4 return Jr