Source code for ht.boiling_nucleic

'''Chemical Engineering Design Library (ChEDL). Utilities for process modeling.
Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, Caleb Bell <Caleb.Andrew.Bell@gmail.com>

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'''

from math import log10

from fluids.constants import g

__all__ = ['Rohsenow', 'McNelly', 'Forster_Zuber', 'Montinsky',
'Stephan_Abdelsalam', 'HEDH_Taborek', 'Bier', 'Cooper', 'Gorenflo',
'h_nucleic', 'h_nucleic_methods',
'Zuber', 'Serth_HEDH', 'HEDH_Montinsky', 'qmax_boiling', 'qmax_boiling_methods',
'h0_VDI_2e', 'h0_Gorenflow_1993', 'qmax_boiling_all_methods', 'h_nucleic_all_methods']


[docs]def Rohsenow(rhol, rhog, mul, kl, Cpl, Hvap, sigma, Te=None, q=None, Csf=0.013, n=1.7): r'''Calculates heat transfer coefficient for a evaporator operating in the nucleate boiling regime according to [2]_ as presented in [1]_. Either heat flux or excess temperature is required. With `Te` specified: .. math:: h = {{\mu }_{L}} \Delta H_{vap} \left[ \frac{g( \rho_L-\rho_v)} {\sigma } \right]^{0.5}\left[\frac{C_{p,L}\Delta T_e^{2/3}}{C_{sf} \Delta H_{vap} Pr_L^n}\right]^3 With `q` specified: .. math:: h = \left({{\mu }_{L}} \Delta H_{vap} \left[ \frac{g( \rho_L-\rho_v)} {\sigma } \right]^{0.5}\left[\frac{C_{p,L}\Delta T_e^{2/3}}{C_{sf} \Delta H_{vap} Pr_L^n}\right]^3\right)^{1/3}q^{2/3} Parameters ---------- rhol : float Density of the liquid [kg/m^3] rhog : float Density of the produced gas [kg/m^3] mul : float Viscosity of liquid [Pa*s] kl : float Thermal conductivity of liquid [W/m/K] Cpl : float Heat capacity of liquid [J/kg/K] Hvap : float Heat of vaporization of the fluid at P, [J/kg] sigma : float Surface tension of liquid [N/m] Te : float, optional Excess wall temperature, [K] q : float, optional Heat flux, [W/m^2] Csf : float Rohsenow coefficient specific to fluid and metal [-] n : float Constant, 1 for water, 1.7 (default) for other fluids usually [-] Returns ------- h : float Heat transfer coefficient [W/m^2/K] Notes ----- No further work is required on this correlation. Multiple sources confirm its form and rearrangement. Examples -------- h for water at atmospheric pressure on oxidized aluminum. >>> Rohsenow(rhol=957.854, rhog=0.595593, mul=2.79E-4, kl=0.680, Cpl=4217, ... Hvap=2.257E6, sigma=0.0589, Te=4.9, Csf=0.011, n=1.26) 3723.655267067467 References ---------- .. [1] Cao, Eduardo. Heat Transfer in Process Engineering. McGraw Hill Professional, 2009. .. [2] Rohsenow, Warren M. "A Method of Correlating Heat Transfer Data for Surface Boiling of Liquids." Technical Report. Cambridge, Mass. : M.I.T. Division of Industrial Cooporation, 1951 ''' if Te is not None: return mul*Hvap*(g*(rhol-rhog)/sigma)**0.5*(Cpl*Te**(2/3.)/Csf/Hvap/(Cpl*mul/kl)**n)**3 elif q is not None: A = mul*Hvap*(g*(rhol-rhog)/sigma)**0.5*(Cpl/Csf/Hvap/(Cpl*mul/kl)**n)**3 return A**(1/3.)*q**(2/3.) else: raise ValueError('Either q or Te is needed for this correlation')
[docs]def McNelly(rhol, rhog, kl, Cpl, Hvap, sigma, P, Te=None, q=None): r'''Calculates heat transfer coefficient for a evaporator operating in the nucleate boiling regime according to [2]_ as presented in [1]_. Either heat flux or excess temperature is required. With `Te` specified: .. math:: h = \left(0.225\left(\frac{\Delta T_e C_{p,l}}{H_{vap}}\right)^{0.69} \left(\frac{P k_L}{\sigma}\right)^{0.31} \left(\frac{\rho_L}{\rho_V}-1\right)^{0.33}\right)^{1/0.31} With `q` specified: .. math:: h = 0.225\left(\frac{q C_{p,l}}{H_{vap}}\right)^{0.69} \left(\frac{P k_L}{\sigma}\right)^{0.31}\left(\frac{\rho_L}{\rho_V}-1\right)^{0.33} Parameters ---------- rhol : float Density of the liquid [kg/m^3] rhog : float Density of the produced gas [kg/m^3] kl : float Thermal conductivity of liquid [W/m/K] Cpl : float Heat capacity of liquid [J/kg/K] Hvap : float Heat of vaporization of the fluid at P, [J/kg] sigma : float Surface tension of liquid [N/m] P : float Saturation pressure of fluid, [Pa] Te : float, optional Excess wall temperature, [K] q : float, optional Heat flux, [W/m^2] Returns ------- h : float Heat transfer coefficient [W/m^2/K] Notes ----- Further examples for this function are desired. Examples -------- Water boiling, with excess temperature of 4.3 K. >>> McNelly(Te=4.3, P=101325, Cpl=4180., kl=0.688, sigma=0.0588, ... Hvap=2.25E6, rhol=958., rhog=0.597) 533.8056972951352 References ---------- .. [1] Cao, Eduardo. Heat Transfer in Process Engineering. McGraw Hill Professional, 2009. .. [2] McNelly M. J.: "A correlation of the rates of heat transfer to n ucleate boiling liquids," J. Imp Coll. Chem Eng Soc 7:18, 1953. ''' if Te is not None: return (0.225*(Te*Cpl/Hvap)**0.69*(P*kl/sigma)**0.31*(rhol/rhog-1.)**0.33 )**(1./0.31) elif q is not None: return 0.225*(q*Cpl/Hvap)**0.69*(P*kl/sigma)**0.31*(rhol/rhog-1.)**0.33 else: raise ValueError('Either q or Te is needed for this correlation')
[docs]def Forster_Zuber(rhol, rhog, mul, kl, Cpl, Hvap, sigma, dPsat, Te=None, q=None): r'''Calculates heat transfer coefficient for a evaporator operating in the nucleate boiling regime according to [2]_ as presented in [1]_. Either heat flux or excess temperature is required. With `Te` specified: .. math:: h = 0.00122\left(\frac{k_L^{0.79} C_{p,l}^{0.45}\rho_L^{0.49}} {\sigma^{0.5}\mu_L^{0.29} H_{vap}^{0.24} \rho_V^{0.24}}\right) \Delta T_e^{0.24} \Delta P_{sat}^{0.75} With `q` specified: .. math:: h = \left[0.00122\left(\frac{k_L^{0.79} C_{p,l}^{0.45}\rho_L^{0.49}} {\sigma^{0.5}\mu_L^{0.29} H_{vap}^{0.24} \rho_V^{0.24}}\right) \Delta P_{sat}^{0.75} q^{0.24}\right]^{\frac{1}{1.24}} Parameters ---------- rhol : float Density of the liquid [kg/m^3] rhog : float Density of the produced gas [kg/m^3] mul : float Viscosity of liquid [Pa*s] kl : float Thermal conductivity of liquid [W/m/K] Cpl : float Heat capacity of liquid [J/kg/K] Hvap : float Heat of vaporization of the fluid at P, [J/kg] sigma : float Surface tension of liquid [N/m] dPsat : float Difference in saturation pressure of the fluid at Te and T, [Pa] Te : float, optional Excess wall temperature, [K] q : float, optional Heat flux, [W/m^2] Returns ------- h : float Heat transfer coefficient [W/m^2/K] Notes ----- Examples have been found in [1]_ and [3]_ and match exactly. Examples -------- Water boiling, with excess temperature of 4.3K from [1]_. >>> Forster_Zuber(Te=4.3, dPsat=3906*4.3, Cpl=4180., kl=0.688, ... mul=0.275E-3, sigma=0.0588, Hvap=2.25E6, rhol=958., rhog=0.597) 3519.9239897462644 References ---------- .. [1] Cao, Eduardo. Heat Transfer in Process Engineering. McGraw Hill Professional, 2009. .. [2] Forster, H. K., and N. Zuber. "Dynamics of Vapor Bubbles and Boiling Heat Transfer." AIChE Journal 1, no. 4 (December 1, 1955): 531-35. doi:10.1002/aic.690010425. .. [3] Serth, R. W., Process Heat Transfer: Principles, Applications and Rules of Thumb. 2E. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2014. ''' if Te is not None: return 0.00122*(kl**0.79*Cpl**0.45*rhol**0.49/sigma**0.5/mul**0.29/Hvap**0.24/rhog**0.24)*Te**0.24*dPsat**0.75 elif q is not None: return (0.00122*(kl**0.79*Cpl**0.45*rhol**0.49/sigma**0.5/mul**0.29/Hvap**0.24/rhog**0.24)*q**0.24*dPsat**0.75)**(1/1.24) else: raise ValueError('Either q or Te is needed for this correlation')
[docs]def Montinsky(P, Pc, Te=None, q=None): r'''Calculates heat transfer coefficient for a evaporator operating in the nucleate boiling regime according to [2]_ as presented in [1]_. Either heat flux or excess temperature is required. With `Te` specified: .. math:: h = \left(0.00417P_c^{0.69} \Delta Te^{0.7}\left[1.8(P/P_c)^{0.17} + 4(P/P_c)^{1.2} + 10(P/P_c)^{10}\right]\right)^{1/0.3} With `q` specified: .. math:: h = 0.00417P_c^{0.69} q^{0.7}\left[1.8(P/P_c)^{0.17} + 4(P/P_c)^{1.2} + 10(P/P_c)^{10}\right] Parameters ---------- P : float Saturation pressure of fluid, [Pa] Pc : float Critical pressure of fluid, [Pa] Te : float, optional Excess wall temperature, [K] q : float, optional Heat flux, [W/m^2] Returns ------- h : float Heat transfer coefficient [W/m^2/K] Notes ----- Formulas has been found consistent in all cited sources. Examples have been found in [1]_ and [3]_. The equation for this function is sometimes given with a constant of 3.7E-5 instead of 0.00417 if critical pressure is not internally converted to kPa. [3]_ lists a constant of 3.596E-5. Examples -------- Water boiling at 1 atm, with excess temperature of 4.3K from [1]_. >>> Montinsky(P=101325, Pc=22048321, Te=4.3) 1185.0509770292663 References ---------- .. [1] Cao, Eduardo. Heat Transfer in Process Engineering. McGraw Hill Professional, 2009. .. [2] Mostinsky I. L.: "Application of the rule of corresponding states for the calculation of heat transfer and critical heat flux," Teploenergetika 4:66, 1963 English Abstr. Br Chem Eng 8(8):586, 1963 .. [3] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [4] Serth, R. W., Process Heat Transfer: Principles, Applications and Rules of Thumb. 2E. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2014. ''' if Te is not None: return (0.00417*(Pc/1000.)**0.69*Te**0.7*(1.8*(P/Pc)**0.17 + 4*(P/Pc)**1.2 +10*(P/Pc)**10))**(1/0.3) elif q is not None: return (0.00417*(Pc/1000.)**0.69*q**0.7*(1.8*(P/Pc)**0.17 + 4*(P/Pc)**1.2 +10*(P/Pc)**10)) else: raise ValueError('Either q or Te is needed for this correlation')
_angles_Stephan_Abdelsalam = {'general': 35, 'water': 45, 'hydrocarbon': 35, 'cryogenic': 1, 'refrigerant': 35}
[docs]def Stephan_Abdelsalam(rhol, rhog, mul, kl, Cpl, Hvap, sigma, Tsat, Te=None, q=None, kw=401.0, rhow=8.96, Cpw=384.0, angle=None, correlation='general'): r'''Calculates heat transfer coefficient for a evaporator operating in the nucleate boiling regime according to [2]_ as presented in [1]_. Five variants are possible. Either heat flux or excess temperature is required. The forms for `Te` are not shown here, but are similar to those of the other functions. .. math:: h = 0.23X_1^{0.674} X_2^{0.35} X_3^{0.371} X_5^{0.297} X_8^{-1.73} k_L/d_B .. math:: X1 = \frac{q D_d}{K_L T_{sat}} .. math:: X2 = \frac{\alpha^2 \rho_L}{\sigma D_d} .. math:: X3 = \frac{C_{p,L} T_{sat} D_d^2}{\alpha^2} .. math:: X4 = \frac{H_{vap} D_d^2}{\alpha^2} .. math:: X5 = \frac{\rho_V}{\rho_L} .. math:: X6 = \frac{C_{p,l} \mu_L}{k_L} .. math:: X7 = \frac{\rho_W C_{p,W} k_W}{\rho_L C_{p,L} k_L} .. math:: X8 = \frac{\rho_L-\rho_V}{\rho_L} .. math:: D_b = 0.0146\theta\sqrt{\frac{2\sigma}{g(\rho_L-\rho_g)}} Respectively, the following four correlations are for water, hydrocarbons, cryogenic fluids, and refrigerants. .. math:: h = 0.246\times 10^7 X1^{0.673} X4^{-1.58} X3^{1.26}X8^{5.22}k_L/d_B .. math:: h = 0.0546 X5^{0.335} X1^{0.67} X8^{-4.33} X4^{0.248}k_L/d_B .. math:: h = 4.82 X1^{0.624} X7^{0.117} X3^{0.374} X4^{-0.329}X5^{0.257} k_L/d_B .. math:: h = 207 X1^{0.745} X5^{0.581} X6^{0.533} k_L/d_B Parameters ---------- rhol : float Density of the liquid [kg/m^3] rhog : float Density of the produced gas [kg/m^3] mul : float Viscosity of liquid [Pa*s] kl : float Thermal conductivity of liquid [W/m/K] Cpl : float Heat capacity of liquid [J/kg/K] Hvap : float Heat of vaporization of the fluid at P, [J/kg] sigma : float Surface tension of liquid [N/m] Tsat : float Saturation temperature at operating pressure [Pa] Te : float, optional Excess wall temperature, [K] q : float, optional Heat flux, [W/m^2] kw : float, optional Thermal conductivity of wall (only for cryogenics) [W/m/K] rhow : float, optional Density of the wall (only for cryogenics) [kg/m^3] Cpw : float, optional Heat capacity of wall (only for cryogenics) [J/kg/K] angle : float, optional Contact angle of bubble with wall [degrees] correlation : str, optional Any of 'general', 'water', 'hydrocarbon', 'cryogenic', or 'refrigerant' Returns ------- h : float Heat transfer coefficient [W/m^2/K] Notes ----- If cryogenic correlation is selected, metal properties are used. Default values are the properties of copper at STP. The angle is selected automatically if a correlation is selected; if angle is provided anyway, the automatic selection is ignored. A IndexError exception is raised if the correlation is not in the dictionary _angles_Stephan_Abdelsalam. Examples -------- Example is from [3]_ and matches. >>> Stephan_Abdelsalam(Te=16.2, Tsat=437.5, Cpl=2730., kl=0.086, mul=156E-6, ... sigma=0.0082, Hvap=272E3, rhol=567, rhog=18.09, angle=35) 26722.441071108373 References ---------- .. [1] Cao, Eduardo. Heat Transfer in Process Engineering. McGraw Hill Professional, 2009. .. [2] Stephan, K., and M. Abdelsalam. "Heat-Transfer Correlations for Natural Convection Boiling." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 23, no. 1 (January 1980): 73-87. doi:10.1016/0017-9310(80)90140-4. .. [3] Serth, R. W., Process Heat Transfer: Principles, Applications and Rules of Thumb. 2E. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2014. ''' if Te is None and q is None: raise ValueError('Either q or Te is needed for this correlation') if correlation == 'water': angle = 45.0 elif correlation == 'cryogenic': angle = 1.0 elif True: angle = 35.0 db = 0.0146*angle*(2*sigma/g/(rhol-rhog))**0.5 diffusivity_L = kl/rhol/Cpl if Te is not None: X1 = db/kl/Tsat*Te elif q is not None: X1 = db/kl/Tsat*q X2 = diffusivity_L**2*rhol/sigma/db X3 = Hvap*db**2/diffusivity_L**2 X4 = Hvap*db**2/diffusivity_L**2 X5 = rhog/rhol X6 = Cpl*mul/kl X7 = rhow*Cpw*kw/(rhol*Cpl*kl) X8 = (rhol-rhog)/rhol if correlation == 'general': if Te is not None: h = (0.23*X1**0.674*X2**0.35*X3**0.371*X5**0.297*X8**-1.73*kl/db)**(1/0.326) else: h = (0.23*X1**0.674*X2**0.35*X3**0.371*X5**0.297*X8**-1.73*kl/db) elif correlation == 'water': if Te is not None: h = (0.246E7*X1**0.673*X4**-1.58*X3**1.26*X8**5.22*kl/db)**(1/0.327) else: h = (0.246E7*X1**0.673*X4**-1.58*X3**1.26*X8**5.22*kl/db) elif correlation == 'hydrocarbon': if Te is not None: h = (0.0546*X5**0.335*X1**0.67*X8**-4.33*X4**0.248*kl/db)**(1/0.33) else: h = (0.0546*X5**0.335*X1**0.67*X8**-4.33*X4**0.248*kl/db) elif correlation == 'cryogenic': if Te is not None: h = (4.82*X1**0.624*X7**0.117*X3**0.374*X4**-0.329*X5**0.257*kl/db)**(1/0.376) else: h = (4.82*X1**0.624*X7**0.117*X3**0.374*X4**-0.329*X5**0.257*kl/db) else: if Te is not None: h = (207*X1**0.745*X5**0.581*X6**0.533*kl/db)**(1/0.255) else: h = (207*X1**0.745*X5**0.581*X6**0.533*kl/db) return h
[docs]def HEDH_Taborek(P, Pc, Te=None, q=None): r'''Calculates heat transfer coefficient for a evaporator operating in the nucleate boiling regime according to Taborek (1986) as described in [1]_ and as presented in [2]_. Modification of [3]_. Either heat flux or excess temperature is required. With `Te` specified: .. math:: h = \left(0.00417P_c^{0.69} \Delta Te^{0.7}\left[2.1P_r^{0.27} + \left(9 + (1-Pr^2)^{-1}\right)P_r^2 \right]\right)^{1/0.3} With `q` specified: .. math:: h = 0.00417P_c^{0.69} q^{0.7}\left[2.1P_r^{0.27} + \left(9 + (1-Pr^2 )^{-1}\right)P_r^2\right] Parameters ---------- P : float Saturation pressure of fluid, [Pa] Pc : float Critical pressure of fluid, [Pa] Te : float, optional Excess wall temperature, [K] q : float, optional Heat flux, [W/m^2] Returns ------- h : float Heat transfer coefficient [W/m^2/K] Notes ----- Example is from [3]_ and matches to within the error of the algebraic manipulation rounding. Examples -------- >>> HEDH_Taborek(Te=16.2, P=310.3E3, Pc=2550E3) 1397.272486525486 References ---------- .. [1] Schlünder, Ernst U, and International Center for Heat and Mass Transfer. Heat Exchanger Design Handbook. Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1987. .. [2] Mostinsky I. L.: "Application of the rule of corresponding states for the calculation of heat transfer and critical heat flux," Teploenergetika 4:66, 1963 English Abstr. Br Chem Eng 8(8):586, 1963 .. [3] Serth, R. W., Process Heat Transfer: Principles, Applications and Rules of Thumb. 2E. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2014. ''' Pr = P/Pc if Te is not None: return (0.00417*(Pc/1000.)**0.69*Te**0.7*(2.1*Pr**0.27 + (9 + 1./(1-Pr**2))*Pr**2))**(1/0.3) elif q is not None: return (0.00417*(Pc/1000.)**0.69*q**0.7*(2.1*Pr**0.27 + (9 + 1./(1-Pr**2))*Pr**2)) else: raise ValueError('Either q or Te is needed for this correlation')
[docs]def Bier(P, Pc, Te=None, q=None): r'''Calculates heat transfer coefficient for a evaporator operating in the nucleate boiling regime according to [1]_ . Either heat flux or excess temperature is required. With `Te` specified: .. math:: h = \left(0.00417P_c^{0.69} \Delta Te^{0.7}\left[0.7 + 2P_r\left(4 + \frac{1}{1-P_r}\right) \right]\right)^{1/0.3} With `q` specified: .. math:: h = 0.00417P_c^{0.69} \Delta q^{0.7}\left[0.7 + 2P_r\left(4 + \frac{1}{1-P_r}\right) \right] Parameters ---------- P : float Saturation pressure of fluid, [Pa] Pc : float Critical pressure of fluid, [Pa] Te : float, optional Excess wall temperature, [K] q : float, optional Heat flux, [W/m^2] Returns ------- h : float Heat transfer coefficient [W/m^2/K] Notes ----- No examples of this are known. Seems to give very different results than other correlations. Examples -------- Water boiling at 1 atm, with excess temperature of 4.3 K from [1]_. >>> Bier(101325., 22048321.0, Te=4.3) 1290.5349471503353 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. ''' Pr = P/Pc if Te is not None: return (0.00417*(Pc/1000.)**0.69*Te**0.7*(0.7 + 2.*Pr*(4. + 1./(1.-Pr))))**(1./0.3) elif q is not None: return 0.00417*(Pc/1000.)**0.69*q**0.7*(0.7 + 2.*Pr*(4. + 1./(1. - Pr))) else: raise ValueError('Either q or Te is needed for this correlation')
[docs]def Cooper(P, Pc, MW, Te=None, q=None, Rp=1E-6): r'''Calculates heat transfer coefficient for a evaporator operating in the nucleate boiling regime according to [2]_ as presented in [1]_. Either heat flux or excess temperature is required. With `Te` specified: .. math:: h = \left(55\Delta Te^{0.67} \frac{P}{P_c}^{(0.12 - 0.2\log_{10} R_p)} (-\log_{10} \frac{P}{P_c})^{-0.55} MW^{-0.5}\right)^{1/0.33} With `q` specified: .. math:: h = 55q^{0.67} \frac{P}{P_c}^{(0.12 - 0.2\log_{10} R_p)}(-\log_{10} \frac{P}{P_c})^{-0.55} MW^{-0.5} Parameters ---------- P : float Saturation pressure of fluid, [Pa] Pc : float Critical pressure of fluid, [Pa] MW : float Molecular weight of fluid, [g/mol] Te : float, optional Excess wall temperature, [K] q : float, optional Heat flux, [W/m^2] Rp : float, optional Roughness parameter of the surface (1 micrometer default) used by `Cooper` method, [m] Returns ------- h : float Heat transfer coefficient [W/m^2/K] Notes ----- Examples 1 and 2 are for water and benzene, from [1]_. Roughness parameter is with an old definition. Accordingly, it is not used by the h function. If unchanged, the roughness parameter's logarithm gives a value of 0.12 as an exponent of reduced pressure. Examples -------- Water boiling at 1 atm, with excess temperature of 4.3 K from [1]_. >>> Cooper(P=101325., Pc=22048321.0, MW=18.02, Te=4.3) 1558.1435442153575 References ---------- .. [1] Rohsenow, Warren and James Hartnett and Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. .. [2] M. G. Cooper, "Saturation and Nucleate Pool Boiling: A Simple Correlation," Inst. Chem. Eng. Syrup. Ser. (86/2): 785, 1984. .. [3] Serth, R. W., Process Heat Transfer: Principles, Applications and Rules of Thumb. 2E. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2014. ''' Rp*= 1E6 if Te is not None: return (55*Te**0.67*(P/Pc)**(0.12 - 0.2*log10(Rp))*( -log10(P/Pc))**-0.55*MW**-0.5)**(1/0.33) elif q is not None: return (55*q**0.67*(P/Pc)**(0.12 - 0.2*log10(Rp))*( -log10(P/Pc))**-0.55*MW**-0.5) else: raise ValueError('Either q or Te is needed for this correlation')
h0_Gorenflow_1993 = {'74-82-8': 7000.0, '74-84-0': 4500.0, '74-98-6': 4000.0, '106-97-8': 3600.0, '109-66-0': 3400.0, '78-78-4': 2500.0, '110-54-3': 3300.0, '142-82-5': 3200.0, '71-43-2': 2900.0, '108-88-3': 2800.0, '92-52-4': 2100.0, '67-56-1': 5400.0, '64-17-5': 4400.0, '71-23-8': 3800.0, '67-63-0': 3000.0, '71-36-3': 2600.0, '78-83-1': 4500.0, '67-64-1': 3300.0, '75-69-4': 2800.0, '75-71-8': 4000.0, '75-72-9': 3900.0, '75-63-8': 3500.0, '75-45-6': 3900.0, '75-46-7': 4400.0, '76-13-1': 2650.0, '76-14-2': 3800.0, '76-15-3': 3200.0, '811-97-2': 4500.0, '28987-04-4': 3700.0, '431-89-0': 3800.0, '115-25-3': 4200.0, '74-87-3': 4400.0, '56-23-5': 3200.0, '75-73-0': 4750.0, '7732-18-5': 5600.0, '7664-41-7': 7000.0, '124-38-9': 5100.0, '2551-62-4': 3700.0, '7782-44-7': 9500.0, '7727-37-9': 10000.0, '7440-37-1': 8200.0, '7440-01-9': 20000.0, '1333-74-0': 24000.0, '7440-59-7': 2000.0} try: if IS_NUMBA: # type: ignore # noqa: F821 h0_Gorenflow_1993_keys = tuple(h0_Gorenflow_1993.keys()) h0_Gorenflow_1993_values = tuple(h0_Gorenflow_1993.values()) except: pass
[docs]def Gorenflo(P, Pc, q=None, Te=None, CASRN=None, h0=None, Ra=4E-7): r'''Calculates heat transfer coefficient for a pool boiling according to [1]_ and also presented in [2]_. Calculation is based on the corresponding states law, with a single regression constant per fluid. P and Pc are always required. Either `q` or `Te` may be specified. Either `CASRN` or `h0` may be specified as well. If `CASRN` is specified and the fluid is not in the list of those studied, an error is raises. .. math:: \frac{h}{h_0} = C_W F(p^*) \left(\frac{q}{q_0}\right)^n .. math:: C_W = \left(\frac{R_a}{R_{ao}}\right)^{0.133} .. math:: q_0 = 20 \;000 \frac{\text{W}}{\text{m}^{2}} .. math:: R_{ao} = 0.4 \mu\text{m} For fluids other than water: .. math:: n = 0.9 - 0.3 p^{*0.3} .. math:: f(p^*) = 1.2p^{*0.27} + \left(2.5 + \frac{1}{1-p^*}\right)p^* For water: .. math:: n = 0.9 - 0.3 p^{*0.15} .. math:: f(p^*) = 1.73p^{*0.27} + \left(6.1 + \frac{0.68}{1-p^*}\right)p^2 Parameters ---------- P : float Saturation pressure of fluid, [Pa] Pc : float Critical pressure of fluid, [Pa] q : float, optional Heat flux, [W/m^2] Te : float, optional Excess wall temperature, [K] CASRN : str, optional CASRN of fluid h0 : float Reference heat transfer coefficient for Gorenflo method, [W/m^2/K] Ra : float, optional Roughness parameter of the surface (0.4 micrometer default) for Gorenflo method, [m] Returns ------- h : float Heat transfer coefficient [W/m^2/K] Notes ----- A more recent set of reference heat fluxes is available. Where a range of values was listed for reference heat fluxes in [1]_, values from the second edition of [1]_ were used instead. 44 values are available, all listed in the dictionary `h0_Gorenflow_1993`. Values range from 2000 to 24000 W/m^2/K. Examples -------- Water boiling at 3 bar and a heat flux of 2E4 W/m^2/K. >>> Gorenflo(3E5, 22048320., q=2E4, CASRN='7732-18-5') 3043.344595525422 References ---------- .. [1] Schlunder, Ernst U, VDI. VDI Heat Atlas. Dusseldorf: V.D.I. Verlag, 1993. http://digital.ub.uni-paderborn.de/hs/download/pdf/41898?originalFilename=true .. [2] Bertsch, Stefan S., Eckhard A. Groll, and Suresh V. Garimella. "Review and Comparative Analysis of Studies on Saturated Flow Boiling in Small Channels." Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering 12, no. 3 (September 4, 2008): 187-227. doi:10.1080/15567260802317357. ''' Pr = P/Pc Ra0 = 0.4E-6 q0 = 2E4 if h0 is None: # NUMBA: DELETE try: h0 = h0_Gorenflow_1993[CASRN] except: raise ValueError('Reference heat transfer coefficient not known') if h0 is None: try: h0 = h0_Gorenflow_1993_values[h0_Gorenflow_1993_keys.index(CASRN)] except: raise ValueError('Reference heat transfer coefficient not known') if CASRN != '7732-18-5': # Case for not dealing with water n = 0.9 - 0.3*Pr**0.3 Fp = 1.2*Pr**0.27 + (2.5 + 1/(1-Pr))*Pr else: # Case for water n = 0.9 - 0.3*Pr**0.15 Fp = 1.73*Pr**0.27 + (6.1 + 0.68/(1-Pr))*Pr**2 CW = (Ra/Ra0)**0.133 if q is not None: return h0*CW*Fp*(q/q0)**n elif Te is not None: A = h0*CW*Fp*(Te/q0)**n return A**(-1./(n - 1.)) else: raise ValueError('Either q or Te is needed for this correlation')
h0_VDI_2e = {'74-82-8': 7200.0, '74-85-1': 4200.0, '74-84-0': 4600.0, '115-07-1': 4200.0, '74-98-6': 4300.0, '106-97-8': 3600.0, '75-28-5': 3700.0, '109-66-0': 3300.0, '78-78-4': 3200.0, '110-54-3': 3200.0, '110-82-7': 3000.0, '142-82-5': 2900.0, '71-43-2': 2900.0, '108-88-3': 2800.0, '92-52-4': 2100.0, '67-56-1': 5400.0, '64-17-5': 4350.0, '71-23-8': 3750.0, '67-63-0': 4100.0, '71-36-3': 2600.0, '78-83-1': 4500.0, '78-92-2': 3400.0, '75-07-0': 3500.0, '67-64-1': 3300.0, '124-38-9': 5500.0, '75-46-7': 4800.0, '75-10-5': 5000.0, '354-33-6': 4400.0, '811-97-2': 4200.0, '420-46-2': 4700.0, '75-37-6': 4600.0, '754-12-1': 3000.0, '431-89-0': 4100.0, '115-25-3': 4200.0, '75-73-0': 4750.0, '306-83-2': 3000.0, '75-69-4': 2800.0, '75-71-8': 4000.0, '75-72-9': 3900.0, '75-63-8': 3500.0, '75-45-6': 3900.0, '76-13-1': 2650.0, '76-14-2': 3800.0, '76-15-3': 4200.0, '74-87-3': 4400.0, '56-23-5': 3200.0, '2551-62-4': 3700.0, '7732-18-5': 5600.0, '7664-41-7': 7000.0, '7782-44-7': 9500.0, '7727-37-9': 10000.0, '7440-37-1': 8200.0, '7440-01-9': 20000.0, '1333-74-0': 24000.0, '7440-59-7': 2000.0} cryogenics = {'132259-10-0': 'Air', '7440-37-1': 'Argon', '630-08-0': 'carbon monoxide', '7782-39-0': 'deuterium', '7782-41-4': 'fluorine', '7440-59-7': 'helium', '1333-74-0': 'hydrogen', '7439-90-9': 'krypton', '74-82-8': 'methane', '7440-01-9': 'neon', '7727-37-9': 'nitrogen', '7782-44-7': 'oxygen', '7440-63-3': 'xenon'} h_nucleic_all_methods = ['Stephan-Abdelsalam', 'Stephan-Abdelsalam water', 'Stephan-Abdelsalam cryogenic', 'HEDH-Taborek', 'Forster-Zuber', 'Rohsenow', 'Cooper', 'Bier', 'Montinsky', 'McNelly', 'Gorenflo (1993)']
[docs]def h_nucleic_methods(Te=None, Tsat=None, P=None, dPsat=None, Cpl=None, kl=None, mul=None, rhol=None, sigma=None, Hvap=None, rhog=None, MW=None, Pc=None, CAS=None, check_ranges=False): r'''This function returns the names of correlations for nucleate boiling heat flux. Parameters ---------- Te : float, optional Excess wall temperature, [K] Tsat : float, optional Saturation temperature at operating pressure [Pa] P : float, optional Saturation pressure of fluid, [Pa] dPsat : float, optional Difference in saturation pressure of the fluid at Te and T, [Pa] Cpl : float, optional Heat capacity of liquid [J/kg/K] kl : float, optional Thermal conductivity of liquid [W/m/K] mul : float, optional Viscosity of liquid [Pa*s] rhol : float, optional Density of the liquid [kg/m^3] sigma : float, optional Surface tension of liquid [N/m] Hvap : float, optional Heat of vaporization of the fluid at P, [J/kg] rhog : float, optional Density of the produced gas [kg/m^3] MW : float, optional Molecular weight of fluid, [g/mol] Pc : float, optional Critical pressure of fluid, [Pa] CAS : str, optional CAS of fluid check_ranges : bool, optional Whether or not to return only correlations suitable for the provided data, [-] Returns ------- methods : list[str] List of methods which can be used to calculate `h` with the given inputs Examples -------- >>> h_nucleic_methods(P=3E5, Pc=22048320., Te=4.0, CAS='7732-18-5') ['Gorenflo (1993)', 'HEDH-Taborek', 'Bier', 'Montinsky'] ''' methods = [] if P is not None and Pc is not None: if CAS is not None and CAS in h0_Gorenflow_1993: # numba: delete # if CAS is not None and CAS in h0_Gorenflow_1993_keys: # numba: uncomment methods.append('Gorenflo (1993)') if (Te is not None and Tsat is not None and Cpl is not None and kl is not None and mul is not None and sigma is not None and Hvap is not None and rhol is not None and rhog is not None): if CAS is not None and CAS == '7732-18-5': methods.append('Stephan-Abdelsalam water') if CAS is not None and CAS in cryogenics: methods.append('Stephan-Abdelsalam cryogenic') methods.append('Stephan-Abdelsalam') if Te is not None and P is not None and Pc is not None: methods.append('HEDH-Taborek') if (Te is not None and dPsat is not None and Cpl is not None and kl is not None and mul is not None and sigma is not None and Hvap is not None and rhol is not None and rhog is not None): methods.append('Forster-Zuber') if (Te is not None and Cpl is not None and kl is not None and mul is not None and sigma is not None and Hvap is not None and rhol is not None and rhog is not None): methods.append('Rohsenow') if MW is not None and Te is not None and P is not None and Pc is not None: methods.append('Cooper') if Te is not None and P is not None and Pc is not None: methods.extend(['Bier', 'Montinsky']) if (Te is not None and P is not None and Cpl is not None and kl is not None and sigma is not None and Hvap is not None and rhol is not None and rhog is not None): methods.append('McNelly') return methods
[docs]def h_nucleic(Te=None, q=None, Tsat=None, P=None, dPsat=None, Cpl=None, kl=None, mul=None, rhol=None, sigma=None, Hvap=None, rhog=None, MW=None, Pc=None, Csf=0.013, n=1.7, kw=401.0, rhow=8.96, Cpw=384.0, angle=35.0, Rp=1e-6, Ra=0.4e-6, h0=None, CAS=None, Method=None): r'''This function handles the calculation of nucleate boiling heat flux and chooses the best method for performing the calculation based on the provided information. One of `Te` and `q` are always required. Parameters ---------- Te : float, optional Excess wall temperature, [K] q : float, optional Heat flux, [W/m^2] Tsat : float, optional Saturation temperature at operating pressure [Pa] P : float, optional Saturation pressure of fluid, [Pa] dPsat : float, optional Difference in saturation pressure of the fluid at Te and T, [Pa] Cpl : float, optional Heat capacity of liquid [J/kg/K] kl : float, optional Thermal conductivity of liquid [W/m/K] mul : float, optional Viscosity of liquid [Pa*s] rhol : float, optional Density of the liquid [kg/m^3] sigma : float, optional Surface tension of liquid [N/m] Hvap : float, optional Heat of vaporization of the fluid at P, [J/kg] rhog : float, optional Density of the produced gas [kg/m^3] MW : float, optional Molecular weight of fluid, [g/mol] Pc : float, optional Critical pressure of fluid, [Pa] Csf : float, optional Rohsenow coefficient specific to fluid and metal [-] n : float, optional Rohsenow constant, 1 for water, 1.7 (default) for other fluids usually [-] kw : float, optional Thermal conductivity of wall (only for cryogenics) [W/m/K] rhow : float, optional Density of the wall (only for cryogenics) [kg/m^3] Cpw : float, optional Heat capacity of wall (only for cryogenics) [J/kg/K] angle : float, optional Contact angle of bubble with wall [degrees] Rp : float, optional Roughness parameter of the surface (1 micrometer default) used by `Cooper` method, [m] Ra : float, optional Roughness parameter of the surface (0.4 micrometer default) for Gorenflo method, [m] h0 : float Reference heat transfer coefficient for Gorenflo method, [W/m^2/K] CAS : str, optional CAS of fluid Returns ------- h : float Nucleate boiling heat flux [W/m^2] Other Parameters ---------------- Method : string, optional The name of the method to use; one of ['Gorenflo (1993)', 'Stephan-Abdelsalam water', 'Stephan-Abdelsalam cryogenic', 'Stephan-Abdelsalam', 'HEDH-Taborek', 'Forster-Zuber', 'Rohsenow', 'Cooper', 'Bier', 'Montinsky', 'McNelly'] Notes ----- The methods Stephan-Abdelsalam, Cooper, and Gorenflo all take other arguments as well such as surface roughness or the thermal properties of the wall material. See them for their documentation. These parameters can also be passed as keyword arguments. >>> h_nucleic(P=3E5, Pc=22048320., q=2E4, CAS='7732-18-5', Ra=1E-6) 3437.7726419934147 Examples -------- Water boiling at 3 bar and a heat flux of 2E4 W/m^2/K. >>> h_nucleic(P=3E5, Pc=22048320., q=2E4, CAS='7732-18-5') 3043.344595525422 Water, known excess temperature of 4.9 K, Rohsenow method >>> h_nucleic(rhol=957.854, rhog=0.595593, mul=2.79E-4, kl=0.680, Cpl=4217, ... Hvap=2.257E6, sigma=0.0589, Te=4.9, Csf=0.011, n=1.26, ... Method='Rohsenow') 3723.655267067467 ''' if Method is None: methods = h_nucleic_methods(Te=Te, Tsat=Tsat, P=P, dPsat=dPsat, Cpl=Cpl, kl=kl, mul=mul, rhol=rhol, sigma=sigma, Hvap=Hvap, rhog=rhog, MW=MW, Pc=Pc, CAS=CAS) if not methods: raise ValueError('Insufficient property data for any method.') Method = methods[0] if Method == 'Stephan-Abdelsalam'and Tsat is not None: return Stephan_Abdelsalam(Te=Te, q=q, Tsat=Tsat, Cpl=Cpl, kl=kl, mul=mul, sigma=sigma, Hvap=Hvap, rhol=rhol, rhog=rhog, correlation='general', kw=kw, rhow=rhow, Cpw=Cpw, angle=angle) elif Method == 'Stephan-Abdelsalam water' and Tsat is not None: return Stephan_Abdelsalam(Te=Te, q=q, Tsat=Tsat, Cpl=Cpl, kl=kl, mul=mul, sigma=sigma, Hvap=Hvap, rhol=rhol, rhog=rhog, correlation='water', kw=kw, rhow=rhow, Cpw=Cpw, angle=angle) elif Method == 'Stephan-Abdelsalam cryogenic' and Tsat is not None: return Stephan_Abdelsalam(Te=Te, q=q, Tsat=Tsat, Cpl=Cpl, kl=kl, mul=mul, sigma=sigma, Hvap=Hvap, rhol=rhol, rhog=rhog, correlation='cryogenic', kw=kw, rhow=rhow, Cpw=Cpw, angle=angle) elif Method == 'HEDH-Taborek' and P is not None and Pc is not None: return HEDH_Taborek(Te=Te, q=q, P=P, Pc=Pc) elif Method == 'Forster-Zuber' and dPsat is not None: return Forster_Zuber(Te=Te, q=q, dPsat=dPsat, Cpl=Cpl, kl=kl, mul=mul, sigma=sigma, Hvap=Hvap, rhol=rhol, rhog=rhog) elif Method == 'Rohsenow': return Rohsenow(Te=Te, q=q, Cpl=Cpl, kl=kl, mul=mul, sigma=sigma, Hvap=Hvap, rhol=rhol, rhog=rhog, Csf=Csf, n=n) elif Method == 'Cooper': return Cooper(Te=Te, q=q, P=P, Pc=Pc, MW=MW, Rp=Rp) elif Method == 'Bier' and P is not None and Pc is not None: return Bier(Te=Te, q=q, P=P, Pc=Pc) elif Method == 'Montinsky' and P is not None and Pc is not None: return Montinsky(Te=Te, q=q, P=P, Pc=Pc) elif Method == 'McNelly': return McNelly(Te=Te, q=q, P=P, Cpl=Cpl, kl=kl, sigma=sigma, Hvap=Hvap, rhol=rhol, rhog=rhog) elif Method == 'Gorenflo (1993)': return Gorenflo(P=P, q=q, Pc=Pc, Te=Te, CASRN=CAS, h0=h0, Ra=Ra) else: raise ValueError("Correlation name not recognized; see the " "documentation for the available options.")
### Critical Heat Flux
[docs]def Zuber(sigma, Hvap, rhol, rhog, K=0.18): r'''Calculates critical heat flux for nucleic boiling of a flat plate or other shape as presented in various sources. K = pi/24 is believed to be the original [1]_ value for K, but 0.149 is now more widely used, a value claimed to be from [2]_ according to [5]_. Cao [4]_ lists a value of 0.18 for K. The Wolverine Tube data book also lists a value of 0.18, and so it is the default. .. math:: q_c = {KH}_{vap} \rho_g^{0.5}\left[\sigma g (\rho_L-\rho_g)\right]^{0.25} Parameters ---------- sigma : float Surface tension of liquid [N/m] Hvap : float Heat of vaporization of the fluid at P, [J/kg] rhol : float Density of the liquid [kg/m^3] rhog : float Density of the produced gas [kg/m^3] K : float Constant [] Returns ------- q: float Critical heat flux [W/m^2] Notes ----- No further work is required on this correlation. Multiple sources confirm its form. Examples -------- Example from [3]_ >>> Zuber(sigma=8.2E-3, Hvap=272E3, rhol=567, rhog=18.09, K=0.149) 444307.22304342285 >>> Zuber(sigma=8.2E-3, Hvap=272E3, rhol=567, rhog=18.09, K=0.18) 536746.9808578263 References ---------- .. [1] Zuber N. "On the stability of boiling heat transfer". Trans ASME 1958 80:711-20. .. [2] Lienhard, J.H., and Dhir, V.K., 1973, Extended Hydrodynamic Theory of the Peak and Minimum Heat Fluxes, NASA CR-2270. .. [3] Serth, R. W., Process Heat Transfer: Principles, Applications and Rules of Thumb. 2E. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2014. .. [4] Cao, Eduardo. Heat Transfer in Process Engineering. McGraw Hill Professional, 2009. .. [5] Kreith, Frank, Raj Manglik, and Mark Bohn. Principles of Heat Transfer, 7E.Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2010. ''' return K*Hvap*rhog**0.5*(g*sigma*(rhol-rhog))**0.25
[docs]def Serth_HEDH(D, sigma, Hvap, rhol, rhog): r'''Calculates critical heat flux for nucleic boiling of a tube bundle according to [2]_, citing [3]_, and using [1]_ as the original form. .. math:: q_c = KH_{vap} \rho_g^{0.5}\left[\sigma g (\rho_L-\rho_g)\right]^{0.25} .. math:: K = 0.123 (R^*)^{-0.25} \text{ for 0.12 < R* < 1.17} .. math:: K = 0.118 .. math:: R^* = \frac{D}{2} \left[\frac{g(\rho_L-\rho_G)}{\sigma}\right]^{0.5} Parameters ---------- D : float Diameter of tubes [m] sigma : float Surface tension of liquid [N/m] Hvap : float Heat of vaporization of the fluid at T, [J/kg] rhol : float Density of the liquid [kg/m^3] rhog : float Density of the produced gas [kg/m^3] Returns ------- q: float Critical heat flux [W/m^2] Notes ----- A further source for this would be nice. Examples -------- >>> Serth_HEDH(D=0.0127, sigma=8.2E-3, Hvap=272E3, rhol=567, rhog=18.09) 351867.46522901946 References ---------- .. [1] Zuber N. "On the stability of boiling heat transfer". Trans ASME 1958 80:711-20. .. [2] Serth, R. W., Process Heat Transfer: Principles, Applications and Rules of Thumb. 2E. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2014. .. [3] Schlünder, Ernst U, and International Center for Heat and Mass Transfer. Heat Exchanger Design Handbook. Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1987. ''' R = D/2*(g*(rhol-rhog)/sigma)**0.5 if 0.12 <= R <= 1.17: K = 0.125*R**-0.25 else: K = 0.118 return K*Hvap*rhog**0.5*(g*sigma*(rhol-rhog))**0.25
[docs]def HEDH_Montinsky(P, Pc): r'''Calculates critical heat flux in the nucleate boiling regime according to [3]_ as presented in [1]_, using an expression modified from [2]_. .. math:: q_c = 367 P_cP_r^{0.35}(1-P_r)^{0.9} Parameters ---------- P : float Saturation pressure of fluid, [Pa] Pc : float Critical pressure of fluid, [Pa] Returns ------- q : float Critical heat flux [W/m^2] Notes ----- No further work is required. Units of Pc are kPa internally. Examples -------- Example is from [3]_ and matches to within the error of the algebraic manipulation rounding. >>> HEDH_Montinsky(P=310.3E3, Pc=2550E3) 398405.66545181436 References ---------- .. [1] Schlünder, Ernst U, and International Center for Heat and Mass Transfer. Heat Exchanger Design Handbook. Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1987. .. [2] Mostinsky I. L.: "Application of the rule of corresponding states for the calculation of heat transfer and critical heat flux," Teploenergetika 4:66, 1963 English Abstr. Br Chem Eng 8(8):586, 1963 .. [3] Serth, R. W., Process Heat Transfer: Principles, Applications and Rules of Thumb. 2E. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2014. ''' Pr = P/Pc return 367*(Pc/1000.)*Pr**0.35*(1-Pr)**0.9
qmax_boiling_all_methods = ['Serth-HEDH', 'Zuber', 'HEDH-Montinsky']
[docs]def qmax_boiling_methods(rhol=None, rhog=None, sigma=None, Hvap=None, D=None, P=None, Pc=None, check_ranges=False): r'''This function returns a list of methods names which can be used to calculate nucleate boiling critical heat flux. Preferred methods are 'Serth-HEDH' when a tube diameter is specified, and 'Zuber' otherwise. Parameters ---------- rhol : float, optional Density of the liquid [kg/m^3] rhog : float, optional Density of the produced gas [kg/m^3] sigma : float, optional Surface tension of liquid [N/m] Hvap : float, optional Heat of vaporization of the fluid at T, [J/kg] D : float, optional Diameter of tubes [m] P : float, optional Saturation pressure of fluid, [Pa] Pc : float, optional Critical pressure of fluid, [Pa] check_ranges : bool, optional Added for Future use only Returns ------- methods : list List of methods which can be used to calculate qmax with the given inputs Examples -------- >>> qmax_boiling_methods(D=0.0127, sigma=8.2E-3, Hvap=272E3, rhol=567, rhog=18.09) ['Serth-HEDH', 'Zuber'] ''' methods = [] if (sigma is not None and Hvap is not None and rhol is not None and rhog is not None and D is not None): methods.append('Serth-HEDH') if (sigma is not None and Hvap is not None and rhol is not None and rhog is not None): methods.append('Zuber') if P is not None and Pc is not None: methods.append('HEDH-Montinsky') return methods
[docs]def qmax_boiling(rhol=None, rhog=None, sigma=None, Hvap=None, D=None, P=None, Pc=None, Method=None): r'''This function handles the calculation of nucleate boiling critical heat flux and chooses the best method for performing the calculation. Preferred methods are 'Serth-HEDH' when a tube diameter is specified, and 'Zuber' otherwise. Parameters ---------- rhol : float, optional Density of the liquid [kg/m^3] rhog : float, optional Density of the produced gas [kg/m^3] sigma : float, optional Surface tension of liquid [N/m] Hvap : float, optional Heat of vaporization of the fluid at T, [J/kg] D : float, optional Diameter of tubes [m] P : float, optional Saturation pressure of fluid, [Pa] Pc : float, optional Critical pressure of fluid, [Pa] Returns ------- q : float Nucleate boiling critical heat flux [W/m^2] Other Parameters ---------------- Method : string, optional A string of the function name to use; one of ('Serth-HEDH', 'Zuber', or 'HEDH-Montinsky') Examples -------- >>> qmax_boiling(D=0.0127, sigma=8.2E-3, Hvap=272E3, rhol=567, rhog=18.09) 351867.46522901946 ''' if Method is None: if (sigma is not None and Hvap is not None and rhol is not None and rhog is not None and D is not None): Method2 = 'Serth-HEDH' elif (sigma is not None and Hvap is not None and rhol is not None and rhog is not None): Method2 = 'Zuber' elif P is not None and Pc is not None: Method2 = 'HEDH-Montinsky' else: raise ValueError('Insufficient property or geometry data for any ' 'method.') else: Method2 = Method if Method2 == 'Serth-HEDH': return Serth_HEDH(D=D, sigma=sigma, Hvap=Hvap, rhol=rhol, rhog=rhog) elif Method2 == 'Zuber': return Zuber(sigma=sigma, Hvap=Hvap, rhol=rhol, rhog=rhog) elif Method2 == 'HEDH-Montinsky': return HEDH_Montinsky(P=P, Pc=Pc) else: raise ValueError("Correlation name not recognized; options are " "'Serth-HEDH', 'Zuber' and 'HEDH-Montinsky'")